summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/python/psutil/test/test_psutil.py
blob: 3b2e3587ae9da4d5764135d28b06b31493f731cb (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.

"""
psutil test suite. Run it with:
$ make test

If you're on Python < 2.7 unittest2 module must be installed first:
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2
"""

from __future__ import division

import ast
import atexit
import collections
import contextlib
import datetime
import errno
import functools
import imp
import json
import os
import pickle
import pprint
import re
import select
import shutil
import signal
import socket
import stat
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import textwrap
import threading
import time
import traceback
import types
import warnings
from socket import AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM
try:
    import ipaddress  # python >= 3.3
except ImportError:
    ipaddress = None
try:
    from unittest import mock  # py3
except ImportError:
    import mock  # requires "pip install mock"

import psutil
from psutil._compat import PY3, callable, long, unicode

if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
    import unittest2 as unittest  # https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2
else:
    import unittest
if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
    import enum
else:
    enum = None


# ===================================================================
# --- Constants
# ===================================================================

# conf for retry_before_failing() decorator
NO_RETRIES = 10
# bytes tolerance for OS memory related tests
TOLERANCE = 500 * 1024  # 500KB
# the timeout used in functions which have to wait
GLOBAL_TIMEOUT = 3

AF_INET6 = getattr(socket, "AF_INET6")
AF_UNIX = getattr(socket, "AF_UNIX", None)
PYTHON = os.path.realpath(sys.executable)
DEVNULL = open(os.devnull, 'r+')
TESTFN = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "$testfile")
TESTFN_UNICODE = TESTFN + "ƒőő"
TESTFILE_PREFIX = 'psutil-test-suite-'
if not PY3:
    try:
        TESTFN_UNICODE = unicode(TESTFN_UNICODE, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        TESTFN_UNICODE = TESTFN + "???"

EXAMPLES_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
                               '..', 'examples'))

POSIX = os.name == 'posix'
WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
if WINDOWS:
    WIN_VISTA = (6, 0, 0)
LINUX = sys.platform.startswith("linux")
OSX = sys.platform.startswith("darwin")
BSD = sys.platform.startswith("freebsd")
SUNOS = sys.platform.startswith("sunos")
VALID_PROC_STATUSES = [getattr(psutil, x) for x in dir(psutil)
                       if x.startswith('STATUS_')]
# whether we're running this test suite on Travis (https://travis-ci.org/)
TRAVIS = bool(os.environ.get('TRAVIS'))
# whether we're running this test suite on Appveyor for Windows
# (http://www.appveyor.com/)
APPVEYOR = bool(os.environ.get('APPVEYOR'))

if TRAVIS or 'tox' in sys.argv[0]:
    import ipaddress
if TRAVIS or APPVEYOR:
    GLOBAL_TIMEOUT = GLOBAL_TIMEOUT * 4


# ===================================================================
# --- Utility functions
# ===================================================================

def cleanup():
    reap_children(search_all=True)
    safe_remove(TESTFN)
    try:
        safe_rmdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
    except UnicodeEncodeError:
        pass
    for path in _testfiles:
        safe_remove(path)

atexit.register(cleanup)
atexit.register(lambda: DEVNULL.close())


_subprocesses_started = set()


def get_test_subprocess(cmd=None, stdout=DEVNULL, stderr=DEVNULL,
                        stdin=DEVNULL, wait=False):
    """Return a subprocess.Popen object to use in tests.
    By default stdout and stderr are redirected to /dev/null and the
    python interpreter is used as test process.
    If 'wait' is True attemps to make sure the process is in a
    reasonably initialized state.
    """
    if cmd is None:
        pyline = ""
        if wait:
            pyline += "open(r'%s', 'w'); " % TESTFN
        pyline += "import time; time.sleep(60);"
        cmd_ = [PYTHON, "-c", pyline]
    else:
        cmd_ = cmd
    sproc = subprocess.Popen(cmd_, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr, stdin=stdin)
    if wait:
        if cmd is None:
            stop_at = time.time() + 3
            while stop_at > time.time():
                if os.path.exists(TESTFN):
                    break
                time.sleep(0.001)
            else:
                warn("couldn't make sure test file was actually created")
        else:
            wait_for_pid(sproc.pid)
    _subprocesses_started.add(psutil.Process(sproc.pid))
    return sproc


_testfiles = []


def pyrun(src):
    """Run python code 'src' in a separate interpreter.
    Return interpreter subprocess.
    """
    if PY3:
        src = bytes(src, 'ascii')
    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
            prefix=TESTFILE_PREFIX, delete=False) as f:
        _testfiles.append(f.name)
        f.write(src)
        f.flush()
        subp = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, f.name], stdout=None,
                                   stderr=None)
        wait_for_pid(subp.pid)
        return subp


def warn(msg):
    """Raise a warning msg."""
    warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)


def sh(cmdline, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE):
    """run cmd in a subprocess and return its output.
    raises RuntimeError on error.
    """
    p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, shell=True, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
    if p.returncode != 0:
        raise RuntimeError(stderr)
    if stderr:
        warn(stderr)
    if PY3:
        stdout = str(stdout, sys.stdout.encoding)
    return stdout.strip()


def which(program):
    """Same as UNIX which command. Return None on command not found."""
    def is_exe(fpath):
        return os.path.isfile(fpath) and os.access(fpath, os.X_OK)

    fpath, fname = os.path.split(program)
    if fpath:
        if is_exe(program):
            return program
    else:
        for path in os.environ["PATH"].split(os.pathsep):
            exe_file = os.path.join(path, program)
            if is_exe(exe_file):
                return exe_file
    return None


if POSIX:
    def get_kernel_version():
        """Return a tuple such as (2, 6, 36)."""
        s = ""
        uname = os.uname()[2]
        for c in uname:
            if c.isdigit() or c == '.':
                s += c
            else:
                break
        if not s:
            raise ValueError("can't parse %r" % uname)
        minor = 0
        micro = 0
        nums = s.split('.')
        major = int(nums[0])
        if len(nums) >= 2:
            minor = int(nums[1])
        if len(nums) >= 3:
            micro = int(nums[2])
        return (major, minor, micro)


if LINUX:
    RLIMIT_SUPPORT = get_kernel_version() >= (2, 6, 36)
else:
    RLIMIT_SUPPORT = False


def wait_for_pid(pid, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT):
    """Wait for pid to show up in the process list then return.
    Used in the test suite to give time the sub process to initialize.
    """
    raise_at = time.time() + timeout
    while True:
        if pid in psutil.pids():
            # give it one more iteration to allow full initialization
            time.sleep(0.01)
            return
        time.sleep(0.0001)
        if time.time() >= raise_at:
            raise RuntimeError("Timed out")


def wait_for_file(fname, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT, delete_file=True):
    """Wait for a file to be written on disk."""
    stop_at = time.time() + 3
    while time.time() < stop_at:
        try:
            with open(fname, "r") as f:
                data = f.read()
            if not data:
                continue
            if delete_file:
                os.remove(fname)
            return data
        except IOError:
            time.sleep(0.001)
    raise RuntimeError("timed out (couldn't read file)")


def reap_children(search_all=False):
    """Kill any subprocess started by this test suite and ensure that
    no zombies stick around to hog resources and create problems when
    looking for refleaks.
    """
    global _subprocesses_started
    procs = _subprocesses_started.copy()
    if search_all:
        this_process = psutil.Process()
        for p in this_process.children(recursive=True):
            procs.add(p)
    for p in procs:
        try:
            p.terminate()
        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
            pass
    gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
    for p in alive:
        warn("couldn't terminate process %s" % p)
        try:
            p.kill()
        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
            pass
    _, alive = psutil.wait_procs(alive, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
    if alive:
        warn("couldn't not kill processes %s" % str(alive))
    _subprocesses_started = set(alive)


def check_ip_address(addr, family):
    """Attempts to check IP address's validity."""
    if enum and PY3:
        assert isinstance(family, enum.IntEnum), family
    if family == AF_INET:
        octs = [int(x) for x in addr.split('.')]
        assert len(octs) == 4, addr
        for num in octs:
            assert 0 <= num <= 255, addr
        if ipaddress:
            if not PY3:
                addr = unicode(addr)
            ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
    elif family == AF_INET6:
        assert isinstance(addr, str), addr
        if ipaddress:
            if not PY3:
                addr = unicode(addr)
            ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
    elif family == psutil.AF_LINK:
        assert re.match('([a-fA-F0-9]{2}[:|\-]?){6}', addr) is not None, addr
    else:
        raise ValueError("unknown family %r", family)


def check_connection_ntuple(conn):
    """Check validity of a connection namedtuple."""
    valid_conn_states = [getattr(psutil, x) for x in dir(psutil) if
                         x.startswith('CONN_')]
    assert conn[0] == conn.fd
    assert conn[1] == conn.family
    assert conn[2] == conn.type
    assert conn[3] == conn.laddr
    assert conn[4] == conn.raddr
    assert conn[5] == conn.status
    assert conn.type in (SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM), repr(conn.type)
    assert conn.family in (AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX), repr(conn.family)
    assert conn.status in valid_conn_states, conn.status

    # check IP address and port sanity
    for addr in (conn.laddr, conn.raddr):
        if not addr:
            continue
        if conn.family in (AF_INET, AF_INET6):
            assert isinstance(addr, tuple), addr
            ip, port = addr
            assert isinstance(port, int), port
            assert 0 <= port <= 65535, port
            check_ip_address(ip, conn.family)
        elif conn.family == AF_UNIX:
            assert isinstance(addr, (str, None)), addr
        else:
            raise ValueError("unknown family %r", conn.family)

    if conn.family in (AF_INET, AF_INET6):
        # actually try to bind the local socket; ignore IPv6
        # sockets as their address might be represented as
        # an IPv4-mapped-address (e.g. "::127.0.0.1")
        # and that's rejected by bind()
        if conn.family == AF_INET:
            s = socket.socket(conn.family, conn.type)
            with contextlib.closing(s):
                try:
                    s.bind((conn.laddr[0], 0))
                except socket.error as err:
                    if err.errno != errno.EADDRNOTAVAIL:
                        raise
    elif conn.family == AF_UNIX:
        assert not conn.raddr, repr(conn.raddr)
        assert conn.status == psutil.CONN_NONE, conn.status

    if getattr(conn, 'fd', -1) != -1:
        assert conn.fd > 0, conn
        if hasattr(socket, 'fromfd') and not WINDOWS:
            try:
                dupsock = socket.fromfd(conn.fd, conn.family, conn.type)
            except (socket.error, OSError) as err:
                if err.args[0] != errno.EBADF:
                    raise
            else:
                with contextlib.closing(dupsock):
                    assert dupsock.family == conn.family
                    assert dupsock.type == conn.type


def safe_remove(file):
    "Convenience function for removing temporary test files"
    try:
        os.remove(file)
    except OSError as err:
        if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
            # file is being used by another process
            if WINDOWS and isinstance(err, WindowsError) and err.errno == 13:
                return
            raise


def safe_rmdir(dir):
    "Convenience function for removing temporary test directories"
    try:
        os.rmdir(dir)
    except OSError as err:
        if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
            raise


def call_until(fun, expr, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT):
    """Keep calling function for timeout secs and exit if eval()
    expression is True.
    """
    stop_at = time.time() + timeout
    while time.time() < stop_at:
        ret = fun()
        if eval(expr):
            return ret
        time.sleep(0.001)
    raise RuntimeError('timed out (ret=%r)' % ret)


def retry_before_failing(ntimes=None):
    """Decorator which runs a test function and retries N times before
    actually failing.
    """
    def decorator(fun):
        @functools.wraps(fun)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            for x in range(ntimes or NO_RETRIES):
                try:
                    return fun(*args, **kwargs)
                except AssertionError:
                    pass
            raise
        return wrapper
    return decorator


def skip_on_access_denied(only_if=None):
    """Decorator to Ignore AccessDenied exceptions."""
    def decorator(fun):
        @functools.wraps(fun)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            try:
                return fun(*args, **kwargs)
            except psutil.AccessDenied:
                if only_if is not None:
                    if not only_if:
                        raise
                msg = "%r was skipped because it raised AccessDenied" \
                      % fun.__name__
                raise unittest.SkipTest(msg)
        return wrapper
    return decorator


def skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=None):
    """Decorator to Ignore NotImplementedError exceptions."""
    def decorator(fun):
        @functools.wraps(fun)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            try:
                return fun(*args, **kwargs)
            except NotImplementedError:
                if only_if is not None:
                    if not only_if:
                        raise
                msg = "%r was skipped because it raised NotImplementedError" \
                      % fun.__name__
                raise unittest.SkipTest(msg)
        return wrapper
    return decorator


def supports_ipv6():
    """Return True if IPv6 is supported on this platform."""
    if not socket.has_ipv6 or not hasattr(socket, "AF_INET6"):
        return False
    sock = None
    try:
        sock = socket.socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM)
        sock.bind(("::1", 0))
    except (socket.error, socket.gaierror):
        return False
    else:
        return True
    finally:
        if sock is not None:
            sock.close()


if WINDOWS:
    def get_winver():
        wv = sys.getwindowsversion()
        if hasattr(wv, 'service_pack_major'):  # python >= 2.7
            sp = wv.service_pack_major or 0
        else:
            r = re.search("\s\d$", wv[4])
            if r:
                sp = int(r.group(0))
            else:
                sp = 0
        return (wv[0], wv[1], sp)


class ThreadTask(threading.Thread):
    """A thread object used for running process thread tests."""

    def __init__(self):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self._running = False
        self._interval = None
        self._flag = threading.Event()

    def __repr__(self):
        name = self.__class__.__name__
        return '<%s running=%s at %#x>' % (name, self._running, id(self))

    def start(self, interval=0.001):
        """Start thread and keep it running until an explicit
        stop() request. Polls for shutdown every 'timeout' seconds.
        """
        if self._running:
            raise ValueError("already started")
        self._interval = interval
        threading.Thread.start(self)
        self._flag.wait()

    def run(self):
        self._running = True
        self._flag.set()
        while self._running:
            time.sleep(self._interval)

    def stop(self):
        """Stop thread execution and and waits until it is stopped."""
        if not self._running:
            raise ValueError("already stopped")
        self._running = False
        self.join()


# ===================================================================
# --- System-related API tests
# ===================================================================

class TestSystemAPIs(unittest.TestCase):
    """Tests for system-related APIs."""

    def setUp(self):
        safe_remove(TESTFN)

    def tearDown(self):
        reap_children()

    def test_process_iter(self):
        self.assertIn(os.getpid(), [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        self.assertIn(sproc.pid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.kill()
        p.wait()
        self.assertNotIn(sproc.pid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])

    def test_wait_procs(self):
        def callback(p):
            l.append(p.pid)

        l = []
        sproc1 = get_test_subprocess()
        sproc2 = get_test_subprocess()
        sproc3 = get_test_subprocess()
        procs = [psutil.Process(x.pid) for x in (sproc1, sproc2, sproc3)]
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, psutil.wait_procs, procs, timeout=-1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, psutil.wait_procs, procs, callback=1)
        t = time.time()
        gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=0.01, callback=callback)

        self.assertLess(time.time() - t, 0.5)
        self.assertEqual(gone, [])
        self.assertEqual(len(alive), 3)
        self.assertEqual(l, [])
        for p in alive:
            self.assertFalse(hasattr(p, 'returncode'))

        @retry_before_failing(30)
        def test(procs, callback):
            gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=0.03,
                                            callback=callback)
            self.assertEqual(len(gone), 1)
            self.assertEqual(len(alive), 2)
            return gone, alive

        sproc3.terminate()
        gone, alive = test(procs, callback)
        self.assertIn(sproc3.pid, [x.pid for x in gone])
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(gone.pop().returncode, signal.SIGTERM)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(gone.pop().returncode, 1)
        self.assertEqual(l, [sproc3.pid])
        for p in alive:
            self.assertFalse(hasattr(p, 'returncode'))

        @retry_before_failing(30)
        def test(procs, callback):
            gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=0.03,
                                            callback=callback)
            self.assertEqual(len(gone), 3)
            self.assertEqual(len(alive), 0)
            return gone, alive

        sproc1.terminate()
        sproc2.terminate()
        gone, alive = test(procs, callback)
        self.assertEqual(set(l), set([sproc1.pid, sproc2.pid, sproc3.pid]))
        for p in gone:
            self.assertTrue(hasattr(p, 'returncode'))

    def test_wait_procs_no_timeout(self):
        sproc1 = get_test_subprocess()
        sproc2 = get_test_subprocess()
        sproc3 = get_test_subprocess()
        procs = [psutil.Process(x.pid) for x in (sproc1, sproc2, sproc3)]
        for p in procs:
            p.terminate()
        gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs)

    def test_boot_time(self):
        bt = psutil.boot_time()
        self.assertIsInstance(bt, float)
        self.assertGreater(bt, 0)
        self.assertLess(bt, time.time())

    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
    def test_PAGESIZE(self):
        # pagesize is used internally to perform different calculations
        # and it's determined by using SC_PAGE_SIZE; make sure
        # getpagesize() returns the same value.
        import resource
        self.assertEqual(os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE"), resource.getpagesize())

    def test_virtual_memory(self):
        mem = psutil.virtual_memory()
        assert mem.total > 0, mem
        assert mem.available > 0, mem
        assert 0 <= mem.percent <= 100, mem
        assert mem.used > 0, mem
        assert mem.free >= 0, mem
        for name in mem._fields:
            value = getattr(mem, name)
            if name != 'percent':
                self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
            if name != 'total':
                if not value >= 0:
                    self.fail("%r < 0 (%s)" % (name, value))
                if value > mem.total:
                    self.fail("%r > total (total=%s, %s=%s)"
                              % (name, mem.total, name, value))

    def test_swap_memory(self):
        mem = psutil.swap_memory()
        assert mem.total >= 0, mem
        assert mem.used >= 0, mem
        if mem.total > 0:
            # likely a system with no swap partition
            assert mem.free > 0, mem
        else:
            assert mem.free == 0, mem
        assert 0 <= mem.percent <= 100, mem
        assert mem.sin >= 0, mem
        assert mem.sout >= 0, mem

    def test_pid_exists(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        self.assertTrue(psutil.pid_exists(sproc.pid))
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.kill()
        p.wait()
        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(sproc.pid))
        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(-1))
        self.assertEqual(psutil.pid_exists(0), 0 in psutil.pids())
        # pid 0
        psutil.pid_exists(0) == 0 in psutil.pids()

    def test_pid_exists_2(self):
        reap_children()
        pids = psutil.pids()
        for pid in pids:
            try:
                assert psutil.pid_exists(pid)
            except AssertionError:
                # in case the process disappeared in meantime fail only
                # if it is no longer in psutil.pids()
                time.sleep(.1)
                if pid in psutil.pids():
                    self.fail(pid)
        pids = range(max(pids) + 5000, max(pids) + 6000)
        for pid in pids:
            self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(pid), msg=pid)

    def test_pids(self):
        plist = [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()]
        pidlist = psutil.pids()
        self.assertEqual(plist.sort(), pidlist.sort())
        # make sure every pid is unique
        self.assertEqual(len(pidlist), len(set(pidlist)))

    def test_test(self):
        # test for psutil.test() function
        stdout = sys.stdout
        sys.stdout = DEVNULL
        try:
            psutil.test()
        finally:
            sys.stdout = stdout

    def test_cpu_count(self):
        logical = psutil.cpu_count()
        self.assertEqual(logical, len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)))
        self.assertGreaterEqual(logical, 1)
        #
        if LINUX:
            with open("/proc/cpuinfo") as fd:
                cpuinfo_data = fd.read()
            if "physical id" not in cpuinfo_data:
                raise unittest.SkipTest("cpuinfo doesn't include physical id")
        physical = psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)
        self.assertGreaterEqual(physical, 1)
        self.assertGreaterEqual(logical, physical)

    def test_sys_cpu_times(self):
        total = 0
        times = psutil.cpu_times()
        sum(times)
        for cp_time in times:
            self.assertIsInstance(cp_time, float)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(cp_time, 0.0)
            total += cp_time
        self.assertEqual(total, sum(times))
        str(times)
        if not WINDOWS:
            # CPU times are always supposed to increase over time or
            # remain the same but never go backwards, see:
            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/392
            last = psutil.cpu_times()
            for x in range(100):
                new = psutil.cpu_times()
                for field in new._fields:
                    new_t = getattr(new, field)
                    last_t = getattr(last, field)
                    self.assertGreaterEqual(new_t, last_t,
                                            msg="%s %s" % (new_t, last_t))
                last = new

    def test_sys_cpu_times2(self):
        t1 = sum(psutil.cpu_times())
        time.sleep(0.1)
        t2 = sum(psutil.cpu_times())
        difference = t2 - t1
        if not difference >= 0.05:
            self.fail("difference %s" % difference)

    def test_sys_per_cpu_times(self):
        for times in psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True):
            total = 0
            sum(times)
            for cp_time in times:
                self.assertIsInstance(cp_time, float)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(cp_time, 0.0)
                total += cp_time
            self.assertEqual(total, sum(times))
            str(times)
        self.assertEqual(len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)[0]),
                         len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=False)))

        # Note: in theory CPU times are always supposed to increase over
        # time or remain the same but never go backwards. In practice
        # sometimes this is not the case.
        # This issue seemd to be afflict Windows:
        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/392
        # ...but it turns out also Linux (rarely) behaves the same.
        # last = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
        # for x in range(100):
        #     new = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
        #     for index in range(len(new)):
        #         newcpu = new[index]
        #         lastcpu = last[index]
        #         for field in newcpu._fields:
        #             new_t = getattr(newcpu, field)
        #             last_t = getattr(lastcpu, field)
        #             self.assertGreaterEqual(
        #                 new_t, last_t, msg="%s %s" % (lastcpu, newcpu))
        #     last = new

    def test_sys_per_cpu_times_2(self):
        tot1 = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
        stop_at = time.time() + 0.1
        while True:
            if time.time() >= stop_at:
                break
        tot2 = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
        for t1, t2 in zip(tot1, tot2):
            t1, t2 = sum(t1), sum(t2)
            difference = t2 - t1
            if difference >= 0.05:
                return
        self.fail()

    def _test_cpu_percent(self, percent, last_ret, new_ret):
        try:
            self.assertIsInstance(percent, float)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(percent, 0.0)
            self.assertIsNot(percent, -0.0)
            self.assertLessEqual(percent, 100.0 * psutil.cpu_count())
        except AssertionError as err:
            raise AssertionError("\n%s\nlast=%s\nnew=%s" % (
                err, pprint.pformat(last_ret), pprint.pformat(new_ret)))

    def test_sys_cpu_percent(self):
        last = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
        for x in range(100):
            new = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None)
            self._test_cpu_percent(new, last, new)
            last = new

    def test_sys_per_cpu_percent(self):
        last = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=0.001, percpu=True)
        self.assertEqual(len(last), psutil.cpu_count())
        for x in range(100):
            new = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None, percpu=True)
            for percent in new:
                self._test_cpu_percent(percent, last, new)
            last = new

    def test_sys_cpu_times_percent(self):
        last = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=0.001)
        for x in range(100):
            new = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=None)
            for percent in new:
                self._test_cpu_percent(percent, last, new)
            self._test_cpu_percent(sum(new), last, new)
            last = new

    def test_sys_per_cpu_times_percent(self):
        last = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=0.001, percpu=True)
        self.assertEqual(len(last), psutil.cpu_count())
        for x in range(100):
            new = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=None, percpu=True)
            for cpu in new:
                for percent in cpu:
                    self._test_cpu_percent(percent, last, new)
                self._test_cpu_percent(sum(cpu), last, new)
            last = new

    def test_sys_per_cpu_times_percent_negative(self):
        # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/645
        psutil.cpu_times_percent(percpu=True)
        zero_times = [x._make([0 for x in range(len(x._fields))])
                      for x in psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)]
        with mock.patch('psutil.cpu_times', return_value=zero_times):
            for cpu in psutil.cpu_times_percent(percpu=True):
                for percent in cpu:
                    self._test_cpu_percent(percent, None, None)

    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
                     "os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
    def test_disk_usage(self):
        usage = psutil.disk_usage(os.getcwd())
        assert usage.total > 0, usage
        assert usage.used > 0, usage
        assert usage.free > 0, usage
        assert usage.total > usage.used, usage
        assert usage.total > usage.free, usage
        assert 0 <= usage.percent <= 100, usage.percent
        if hasattr(shutil, 'disk_usage'):
            # py >= 3.3, see: http://bugs.python.org/issue12442
            shutil_usage = shutil.disk_usage(os.getcwd())
            tolerance = 5 * 1024 * 1024  # 5MB
            self.assertEqual(usage.total, shutil_usage.total)
            self.assertAlmostEqual(usage.free, shutil_usage.free,
                                   delta=tolerance)
            self.assertAlmostEqual(usage.used, shutil_usage.used,
                                   delta=tolerance)

        # if path does not exist OSError ENOENT is expected across
        # all platforms
        fname = tempfile.mktemp()
        try:
            psutil.disk_usage(fname)
        except OSError as err:
            if err.args[0] != errno.ENOENT:
                raise
        else:
            self.fail("OSError not raised")

    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
                     "os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
    def test_disk_usage_unicode(self):
        # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/416
        # XXX this test is not really reliable as it always fails on
        # Python 3.X (2.X is fine)
        try:
            safe_rmdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
            os.mkdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
            psutil.disk_usage(TESTFN_UNICODE)
            safe_rmdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
        except UnicodeEncodeError:
            pass

    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
                     "os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
    def test_disk_partitions(self):
        # all = False
        ls = psutil.disk_partitions(all=False)
        # on travis we get:
        #     self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(), [n])
        # AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,... != [0]
        self.assertTrue(ls, msg=ls)
        for disk in ls:
            if WINDOWS and 'cdrom' in disk.opts:
                continue
            if not POSIX:
                assert os.path.exists(disk.device), disk
            else:
                # we cannot make any assumption about this, see:
                # http://goo.gl/p9c43
                disk.device
            if SUNOS:
                # on solaris apparently mount points can also be files
                assert os.path.exists(disk.mountpoint), disk
            else:
                assert os.path.isdir(disk.mountpoint), disk
            assert disk.fstype, disk
            self.assertIsInstance(disk.opts, str)

        # all = True
        ls = psutil.disk_partitions(all=True)
        self.assertTrue(ls, msg=ls)
        for disk in psutil.disk_partitions(all=True):
            if not WINDOWS:
                try:
                    os.stat(disk.mountpoint)
                except OSError as err:
                    # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/
                    #     2012-June/120787.html
                    if err.errno not in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
                        raise
                else:
                    if SUNOS:
                        # on solaris apparently mount points can also be files
                        assert os.path.exists(disk.mountpoint), disk
                    else:
                        assert os.path.isdir(disk.mountpoint), disk
            self.assertIsInstance(disk.fstype, str)
            self.assertIsInstance(disk.opts, str)

        def find_mount_point(path):
            path = os.path.abspath(path)
            while not os.path.ismount(path):
                path = os.path.dirname(path)
            return path

        mount = find_mount_point(__file__)
        mounts = [x.mountpoint for x in psutil.disk_partitions(all=True)]
        self.assertIn(mount, mounts)
        psutil.disk_usage(mount)

    @skip_on_access_denied()
    def test_net_connections(self):
        def check(cons, families, types_):
            for conn in cons:
                self.assertIn(conn.family, families, msg=conn)
                if conn.family != getattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX', object()):
                    self.assertIn(conn.type, types_, msg=conn)

        from psutil._common import conn_tmap
        for kind, groups in conn_tmap.items():
            if SUNOS and kind == 'unix':
                continue
            families, types_ = groups
            cons = psutil.net_connections(kind)
            self.assertEqual(len(cons), len(set(cons)))
            check(cons, families, types_)

    def test_net_io_counters(self):
        def check_ntuple(nt):
            self.assertEqual(nt[0], nt.bytes_sent)
            self.assertEqual(nt[1], nt.bytes_recv)
            self.assertEqual(nt[2], nt.packets_sent)
            self.assertEqual(nt[3], nt.packets_recv)
            self.assertEqual(nt[4], nt.errin)
            self.assertEqual(nt[5], nt.errout)
            self.assertEqual(nt[6], nt.dropin)
            self.assertEqual(nt[7], nt.dropout)
            assert nt.bytes_sent >= 0, nt
            assert nt.bytes_recv >= 0, nt
            assert nt.packets_sent >= 0, nt
            assert nt.packets_recv >= 0, nt
            assert nt.errin >= 0, nt
            assert nt.errout >= 0, nt
            assert nt.dropin >= 0, nt
            assert nt.dropout >= 0, nt

        ret = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=False)
        check_ntuple(ret)
        ret = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
        self.assertNotEqual(ret, [])
        for key in ret:
            self.assertTrue(key)
            check_ntuple(ret[key])

    def test_net_if_addrs(self):
        nics = psutil.net_if_addrs()
        assert nics, nics

        # Not reliable on all platforms (net_if_addrs() reports more
        # interfaces).
        # self.assertEqual(sorted(nics.keys()),
        #                  sorted(psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True).keys()))

        families = set([socket.AF_INET, AF_INET6, psutil.AF_LINK])
        for nic, addrs in nics.items():
            self.assertEqual(len(set(addrs)), len(addrs))
            for addr in addrs:
                self.assertIsInstance(addr.family, int)
                self.assertIsInstance(addr.address, str)
                self.assertIsInstance(addr.netmask, (str, type(None)))
                self.assertIsInstance(addr.broadcast, (str, type(None)))
                self.assertIn(addr.family, families)
                if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
                    self.assertIsInstance(addr.family, enum.IntEnum)
                if addr.family == socket.AF_INET:
                    s = socket.socket(addr.family)
                    with contextlib.closing(s):
                        s.bind((addr.address, 0))
                elif addr.family == socket.AF_INET6:
                    info = socket.getaddrinfo(
                        addr.address, 0, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
                        0, socket.AI_PASSIVE)[0]
                    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = info
                    s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
                    with contextlib.closing(s):
                        s.bind(sa)
                for ip in (addr.address, addr.netmask, addr.broadcast):
                    if ip is not None:
                        # TODO: skip AF_INET6 for now because I get:
                        # AddressValueError: Only hex digits permitted in
                        # u'c6f3%lxcbr0' in u'fe80::c8e0:fff:fe54:c6f3%lxcbr0'
                        if addr.family != AF_INET6:
                            check_ip_address(ip, addr.family)

        if BSD or OSX or SUNOS:
            if hasattr(socket, "AF_LINK"):
                self.assertEqual(psutil.AF_LINK, socket.AF_LINK)
        elif LINUX:
            self.assertEqual(psutil.AF_LINK, socket.AF_PACKET)
        elif WINDOWS:
            self.assertEqual(psutil.AF_LINK, -1)

    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "EPERM on travis")
    def test_net_if_stats(self):
        nics = psutil.net_if_stats()
        assert nics, nics
        all_duplexes = (psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_FULL,
                        psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_HALF,
                        psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN)
        for nic, stats in nics.items():
            isup, duplex, speed, mtu = stats
            self.assertIsInstance(isup, bool)
            self.assertIn(duplex, all_duplexes)
            self.assertIn(duplex, all_duplexes)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(speed, 0)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(mtu, 0)

    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and not os.path.exists('/proc/diskstats'),
                     '/proc/diskstats not available on this linux version')
    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR,
                     "can't find any physical disk on Appveyor")
    def test_disk_io_counters(self):
        def check_ntuple(nt):
            self.assertEqual(nt[0], nt.read_count)
            self.assertEqual(nt[1], nt.write_count)
            self.assertEqual(nt[2], nt.read_bytes)
            self.assertEqual(nt[3], nt.write_bytes)
            self.assertEqual(nt[4], nt.read_time)
            self.assertEqual(nt[5], nt.write_time)
            assert nt.read_count >= 0, nt
            assert nt.write_count >= 0, nt
            assert nt.read_bytes >= 0, nt
            assert nt.write_bytes >= 0, nt
            assert nt.read_time >= 0, nt
            assert nt.write_time >= 0, nt

        ret = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=False)
        check_ntuple(ret)
        ret = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)
        # make sure there are no duplicates
        self.assertEqual(len(ret), len(set(ret)))
        for key in ret:
            assert key, key
            check_ntuple(ret[key])
            if LINUX and key[-1].isdigit():
                # if 'sda1' is listed 'sda' shouldn't, see:
                # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/338
                while key[-1].isdigit():
                    key = key[:-1]
                self.assertNotIn(key, ret.keys())

    def test_users(self):
        users = psutil.users()
        if not APPVEYOR:
            self.assertNotEqual(users, [])
        for user in users:
            assert user.name, user
            user.terminal
            user.host
            assert user.started > 0.0, user
            datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(user.started)


# ===================================================================
# --- psutil.Process class tests
# ===================================================================

class TestProcess(unittest.TestCase):
    """Tests for psutil.Process class."""

    def setUp(self):
        safe_remove(TESTFN)

    def tearDown(self):
        reap_children()

    def test_pid(self):
        self.assertEqual(psutil.Process().pid, os.getpid())
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        self.assertEqual(psutil.Process(sproc.pid).pid, sproc.pid)

    def test_kill(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        test_pid = sproc.pid
        p = psutil.Process(test_pid)
        p.kill()
        sig = p.wait()
        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(test_pid))
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(sig, signal.SIGKILL)

    def test_terminate(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        test_pid = sproc.pid
        p = psutil.Process(test_pid)
        p.terminate()
        sig = p.wait()
        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(test_pid))
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(sig, signal.SIGTERM)

    def test_send_signal(self):
        sig = signal.SIGKILL if POSIX else signal.SIGTERM
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.send_signal(sig)
        exit_sig = p.wait()
        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(p.pid))
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(exit_sig, sig)
            #
            sproc = get_test_subprocess()
            p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
            p.send_signal(sig)
            with mock.patch('psutil.os.kill',
                            side_effect=OSError(errno.ESRCH, "")) as fun:
                with self.assertRaises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
                    p.send_signal(sig)
                assert fun.called
            #
            sproc = get_test_subprocess()
            p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
            p.send_signal(sig)
            with mock.patch('psutil.os.kill',
                            side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "")) as fun:
                with self.assertRaises(psutil.AccessDenied):
                    p.send_signal(sig)
                assert fun.called

    def test_wait(self):
        # check exit code signal
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.kill()
        code = p.wait()
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(code, signal.SIGKILL)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(code, 0)
        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())

        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.terminate()
        code = p.wait()
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(code, signal.SIGTERM)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(code, 0)
        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())

        # check sys.exit() code
        code = "import time, sys; time.sleep(0.01); sys.exit(5);"
        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", code])
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 5)
        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())

        # Test wait() issued twice.
        # It is not supposed to raise NSP when the process is gone.
        # On UNIX this should return None, on Windows it should keep
        # returning the exit code.
        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", code])
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 5)
        self.assertIn(p.wait(), (5, None))

        # test timeout
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.name()
        self.assertRaises(psutil.TimeoutExpired, p.wait, 0.01)

        # timeout < 0 not allowed
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.wait, -1)

    # XXX why is this skipped on Windows?
    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'skipped on Windows')
    def test_wait_non_children(self):
        # test wait() against processes which are not our children
        code = "import sys;"
        code += "from subprocess import Popen, PIPE;"
        code += "cmd = ['%s', '-c', 'import time; time.sleep(60)'];" % PYTHON
        code += "sp = Popen(cmd, stdout=PIPE);"
        code += "sys.stdout.write(str(sp.pid));"
        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", code],
                                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        grandson_pid = int(sproc.stdout.read())
        grandson_proc = psutil.Process(grandson_pid)
        try:
            self.assertRaises(psutil.TimeoutExpired, grandson_proc.wait, 0.01)
            grandson_proc.kill()
            ret = grandson_proc.wait()
            self.assertEqual(ret, None)
        finally:
            if grandson_proc.is_running():
                grandson_proc.kill()
                grandson_proc.wait()

    def test_wait_timeout_0(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        self.assertRaises(psutil.TimeoutExpired, p.wait, 0)
        p.kill()
        stop_at = time.time() + 2
        while True:
            try:
                code = p.wait(0)
            except psutil.TimeoutExpired:
                if time.time() >= stop_at:
                    raise
            else:
                break
        if POSIX:
            self.assertEqual(code, signal.SIGKILL)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(code, 0)
        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())

    def test_cpu_percent(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        p.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
        p.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
        for x in range(100):
            percent = p.cpu_percent(interval=None)
            self.assertIsInstance(percent, float)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(percent, 0.0)
            if not POSIX:
                self.assertLessEqual(percent, 100.0)
            else:
                self.assertGreaterEqual(percent, 0.0)

    def test_cpu_times(self):
        times = psutil.Process().cpu_times()
        assert (times.user > 0.0) or (times.system > 0.0), times
        # make sure returned values can be pretty printed with strftime
        time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime(times.user))
        time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime(times.system))

    # Test Process.cpu_times() against os.times()
    # os.times() is broken on Python 2.6
    # http://bugs.python.org/issue1040026
    # XXX fails on OSX: not sure if it's for os.times(). We should
    # try this with Python 2.7 and re-enable the test.

    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.version_info > (2, 6, 1) and not OSX,
                         'os.times() is not reliable on this Python version')
    def test_cpu_times2(self):
        user_time, kernel_time = psutil.Process().cpu_times()
        utime, ktime = os.times()[:2]

        # Use os.times()[:2] as base values to compare our results
        # using a tolerance  of +/- 0.1 seconds.
        # It will fail if the difference between the values is > 0.1s.
        if (max([user_time, utime]) - min([user_time, utime])) > 0.1:
            self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s" % (utime, user_time))

        if (max([kernel_time, ktime]) - min([kernel_time, ktime])) > 0.1:
            self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s" % (ktime, kernel_time))

    def test_create_time(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        now = time.time()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        create_time = p.create_time()

        # Use time.time() as base value to compare our result using a
        # tolerance of +/- 1 second.
        # It will fail if the difference between the values is > 2s.
        difference = abs(create_time - now)
        if difference > 2:
            self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s, difference: %s"
                      % (now, create_time, difference))

        # make sure returned value can be pretty printed with strftime
        time.strftime("%Y %m %d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(p.create_time()))

    @unittest.skipIf(WINDOWS, 'Windows only')
    def test_terminal(self):
        terminal = psutil.Process().terminal()
        if sys.stdin.isatty():
            self.assertEqual(terminal, sh('tty'))
        else:
            assert terminal, repr(terminal)

    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX or BSD or WINDOWS,
                         'not available on this platform')
    @skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=LINUX)
    def test_io_counters(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        # test reads
        io1 = p.io_counters()
        with open(PYTHON, 'rb') as f:
            f.read()
        io2 = p.io_counters()
        if not BSD:
            assert io2.read_count > io1.read_count, (io1, io2)
            self.assertEqual(io2.write_count, io1.write_count)
        assert io2.read_bytes >= io1.read_bytes, (io1, io2)
        assert io2.write_bytes >= io1.write_bytes, (io1, io2)
        # test writes
        io1 = p.io_counters()
        with tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix=TESTFILE_PREFIX) as f:
            if PY3:
                f.write(bytes("x" * 1000000, 'ascii'))
            else:
                f.write("x" * 1000000)
        io2 = p.io_counters()
        assert io2.write_count >= io1.write_count, (io1, io2)
        assert io2.write_bytes >= io1.write_bytes, (io1, io2)
        assert io2.read_count >= io1.read_count, (io1, io2)
        assert io2.read_bytes >= io1.read_bytes, (io1, io2)

    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX or (WINDOWS and get_winver() >= WIN_VISTA),
                         'Linux and Windows Vista only')
    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
    def test_ionice(self):
        if LINUX:
            from psutil import (IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, IOPRIO_CLASS_RT,
                                IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)
            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, 0)
            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_RT, 1)
            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 2)
            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, 3)
            p = psutil.Process()
            try:
                p.ionice(2)
                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
                if enum is not None:
                    self.assertIsInstance(ioclass, enum.IntEnum)
                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 2)
                self.assertEqual(value, 4)
                #
                p.ionice(3)
                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 3)
                self.assertEqual(value, 0)
                #
                p.ionice(2, 0)
                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 2)
                self.assertEqual(value, 0)
                p.ionice(2, 7)
                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 2)
                self.assertEqual(value, 7)
                #
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 2, 10)
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 2, -1)
                self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 4)
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.ionice, 2, "foo")
                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
                    ValueError, "can't specify value with IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE",
                    p.ionice, psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, 1)
                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
                    ValueError, "can't specify value with IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE",
                    p.ionice, psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, 1)
                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
                    ValueError, "'ioclass' argument must be specified",
                    p.ionice, value=1)
            finally:
                p.ionice(IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE)
        else:
            p = psutil.Process()
            original = p.ionice()
            self.assertIsInstance(original, int)
            try:
                value = 0  # very low
                if original == value:
                    value = 1  # low
                p.ionice(value)
                self.assertEqual(p.ionice(), value)
            finally:
                p.ionice(original)
            #
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 3)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.ionice, 2, 1)

    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX and RLIMIT_SUPPORT,
                         "only available on Linux >= 2.6.36")
    def test_rlimit_get(self):
        import resource
        p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
        names = [x for x in dir(psutil) if x.startswith('RLIMIT')]
        assert names, names
        for name in names:
            value = getattr(psutil, name)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(value, 0)
            if name in dir(resource):
                self.assertEqual(value, getattr(resource, name))
                self.assertEqual(p.rlimit(value), resource.getrlimit(value))
            else:
                ret = p.rlimit(value)
                self.assertEqual(len(ret), 2)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[0], -1)
                self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[1], -1)

    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX and RLIMIT_SUPPORT,
                         "only available on Linux >= 2.6.36")
    def test_rlimit_set(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
        self.assertEqual(p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE), (5, 5))
        # If pid is 0 prlimit() applies to the calling process and
        # we don't want that.
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            psutil._psplatform.Process(0).rlimit(0)
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5, 5))

    def test_num_threads(self):
        # on certain platforms such as Linux we might test for exact
        # thread number, since we always have with 1 thread per process,
        # but this does not apply across all platforms (OSX, Windows)
        p = psutil.Process()
        step1 = p.num_threads()

        thread = ThreadTask()
        thread.start()
        try:
            step2 = p.num_threads()
            self.assertEqual(step2, step1 + 1)
            thread.stop()
        finally:
            if thread._running:
                thread.stop()

    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS, 'Windows only')
    def test_num_handles(self):
        # a better test is done later into test/_windows.py
        p = psutil.Process()
        self.assertGreater(p.num_handles(), 0)

    def test_threads(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        step1 = p.threads()

        thread = ThreadTask()
        thread.start()

        try:
            step2 = p.threads()
            self.assertEqual(len(step2), len(step1) + 1)
            # on Linux, first thread id is supposed to be this process
            if LINUX:
                self.assertEqual(step2[0].id, os.getpid())
            athread = step2[0]
            # test named tuple
            self.assertEqual(athread.id, athread[0])
            self.assertEqual(athread.user_time, athread[1])
            self.assertEqual(athread.system_time, athread[2])
            # test num threads
            thread.stop()
        finally:
            if thread._running:
                thread.stop()

    def test_memory_info(self):
        p = psutil.Process()

        # step 1 - get a base value to compare our results
        rss1, vms1 = p.memory_info()
        percent1 = p.memory_percent()
        self.assertGreater(rss1, 0)
        self.assertGreater(vms1, 0)

        # step 2 - allocate some memory
        memarr = [None] * 1500000

        rss2, vms2 = p.memory_info()
        percent2 = p.memory_percent()
        # make sure that the memory usage bumped up
        self.assertGreater(rss2, rss1)
        self.assertGreaterEqual(vms2, vms1)  # vms might be equal
        self.assertGreater(percent2, percent1)
        del memarr

    # def test_memory_info_ex(self):
    # # tested later in fetch all test suite

    def test_memory_maps(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        maps = p.memory_maps()
        paths = [x for x in maps]
        self.assertEqual(len(paths), len(set(paths)))
        ext_maps = p.memory_maps(grouped=False)

        for nt in maps:
            if not nt.path.startswith('['):
                assert os.path.isabs(nt.path), nt.path
                if POSIX:
                    assert os.path.exists(nt.path), nt.path
                else:
                    # XXX - On Windows we have this strange behavior with
                    # 64 bit dlls: they are visible via explorer but cannot
                    # be accessed via os.stat() (wtf?).
                    if '64' not in os.path.basename(nt.path):
                        assert os.path.exists(nt.path), nt.path
        for nt in ext_maps:
            for fname in nt._fields:
                value = getattr(nt, fname)
                if fname == 'path':
                    continue
                elif fname in ('addr', 'perms'):
                    assert value, value
                else:
                    self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
                    assert value >= 0, value

    def test_memory_percent(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        self.assertGreater(p.memory_percent(), 0.0)

    def test_is_running(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        assert p.is_running()
        assert p.is_running()
        p.kill()
        p.wait()
        assert not p.is_running()
        assert not p.is_running()

    def test_exe(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        exe = psutil.Process(sproc.pid).exe()
        try:
            self.assertEqual(exe, PYTHON)
        except AssertionError:
            if WINDOWS and len(exe) == len(PYTHON):
                # on Windows we don't care about case sensitivity
                self.assertEqual(exe.lower(), PYTHON.lower())
            else:
                # certain platforms such as BSD are more accurate returning:
                # "/usr/local/bin/python2.7"
                # ...instead of:
                # "/usr/local/bin/python"
                # We do not want to consider this difference in accuracy
                # an error.
                ver = "%s.%s" % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
                self.assertEqual(exe.replace(ver, ''), PYTHON.replace(ver, ''))

    def test_cmdline(self):
        cmdline = [PYTHON, "-c", "import time; time.sleep(60)"]
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(cmdline, wait=True)
        self.assertEqual(' '.join(psutil.Process(sproc.pid).cmdline()),
                         ' '.join(cmdline))

    def test_name(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(PYTHON, wait=True)
        name = psutil.Process(sproc.pid).name().lower()
        pyexe = os.path.basename(os.path.realpath(sys.executable)).lower()
        assert pyexe.startswith(name), (pyexe, name)

    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "posix only")
    # TODO: add support for other compilers
    @unittest.skipUnless(which("gcc"), "gcc not available")
    def test_prog_w_funky_name(self):
        # Test that name(), exe() and cmdline() correctly handle programs
        # with funky chars such as spaces and ")", see:
        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/628
        funky_name = "/tmp/foo bar )"
        _, c_file = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='psutil-', suffix='.c', dir="/tmp")
        self.addCleanup(lambda: safe_remove(c_file))
        self.addCleanup(lambda: safe_remove(funky_name))
        with open(c_file, "w") as f:
            f.write("void main() { pause(); }")
        subprocess.check_call(["gcc", c_file, "-o", funky_name])
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(
            [funky_name, "arg1", "arg2", "", "arg3", ""])
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        # ...in order to try to prevent occasional failures on travis
        wait_for_pid(p.pid)
        self.assertEqual(p.name(), "foo bar )")
        self.assertEqual(p.exe(), "/tmp/foo bar )")
        self.assertEqual(
            p.cmdline(), ["/tmp/foo bar )", "arg1", "arg2", "", "arg3", ""])

    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
    def test_uids(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        real, effective, saved = p.uids()
        # os.getuid() refers to "real" uid
        self.assertEqual(real, os.getuid())
        # os.geteuid() refers to "effective" uid
        self.assertEqual(effective, os.geteuid())
        # no such thing as os.getsuid() ("saved" uid), but starting
        # from python 2.7 we have os.getresuid()[2]
        if hasattr(os, "getresuid"):
            self.assertEqual(saved, os.getresuid()[2])

    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
    def test_gids(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        real, effective, saved = p.gids()
        # os.getuid() refers to "real" uid
        self.assertEqual(real, os.getgid())
        # os.geteuid() refers to "effective" uid
        self.assertEqual(effective, os.getegid())
        # no such thing as os.getsuid() ("saved" uid), but starting
        # from python 2.7 we have os.getresgid()[2]
        if hasattr(os, "getresuid"):
            self.assertEqual(saved, os.getresgid()[2])

    def test_nice(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.nice, "str")
        if WINDOWS:
            try:
                init = p.nice()
                if sys.version_info > (3, 4):
                    self.assertIsInstance(init, enum.IntEnum)
                else:
                    self.assertIsInstance(init, int)
                self.assertEqual(init, psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
                p.nice(psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS)
                self.assertEqual(p.nice(), psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS)
                p.nice(psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
                self.assertEqual(p.nice(), psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
            finally:
                p.nice(psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
        else:
            try:
                first_nice = p.nice()
                p.nice(1)
                self.assertEqual(p.nice(), 1)
                # going back to previous nice value raises
                # AccessDenied on OSX
                if not OSX:
                    p.nice(0)
                    self.assertEqual(p.nice(), 0)
            except psutil.AccessDenied:
                pass
            finally:
                try:
                    p.nice(first_nice)
                except psutil.AccessDenied:
                    pass

    def test_status(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        self.assertEqual(p.status(), psutil.STATUS_RUNNING)

    def test_username(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        if POSIX:
            import pwd
            self.assertEqual(p.username(), pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_name)
            with mock.patch("psutil.pwd.getpwuid",
                            side_effect=KeyError) as fun:
                p.username() == str(p.uids().real)
                assert fun.called

        elif WINDOWS and 'USERNAME' in os.environ:
            expected_username = os.environ['USERNAME']
            expected_domain = os.environ['USERDOMAIN']
            domain, username = p.username().split('\\')
            self.assertEqual(domain, expected_domain)
            self.assertEqual(username, expected_username)
        else:
            p.username()

    def test_cwd(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        self.assertEqual(p.cwd(), os.getcwd())

    def test_cwd_2(self):
        cmd = [PYTHON, "-c", "import os, time; os.chdir('..'); time.sleep(60)"]
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(cmd, wait=True)
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        call_until(p.cwd, "ret == os.path.dirname(os.getcwd())")

    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS or LINUX or BSD,
                         'not available on this platform')
    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
    def test_cpu_affinity(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        initial = p.cpu_affinity()
        if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
            self.assertEqual(initial, list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid)))
        self.assertEqual(len(initial), len(set(initial)))
        all_cpus = list(range(len(psutil.cpu_percent(percpu=True))))
        # setting on travis doesn't seem to work (always return all
        # CPUs on get):
        # AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... != [0]
        for n in all_cpus:
            p.cpu_affinity([n])
            self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(), [n])
            if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
                self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(),
                                 list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid)))
        #
        p.cpu_affinity(all_cpus)
        self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(), all_cpus)
        if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
            self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(),
                             list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid)))
        #
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.cpu_affinity, 1)
        p.cpu_affinity(initial)
        # it should work with all iterables, not only lists
        p.cpu_affinity(set(all_cpus))
        p.cpu_affinity(tuple(all_cpus))
        invalid_cpu = [len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)) + 10]
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.cpu_affinity, invalid_cpu)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.cpu_affinity, range(10000, 11000))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.cpu_affinity, [0, "1"])

    # TODO
    @unittest.skipIf(BSD, "broken on BSD, see #595")
    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR,
                     "can't find any process file on Appveyor")
    def test_open_files(self):
        # current process
        p = psutil.Process()
        files = p.open_files()
        self.assertFalse(TESTFN in files)
        with open(TESTFN, 'w'):
            # give the kernel some time to see the new file
            call_until(p.open_files, "len(ret) != %i" % len(files))
            filenames = [x.path for x in p.open_files()]
            self.assertIn(TESTFN, filenames)
        for file in filenames:
            assert os.path.isfile(file), file

        # another process
        cmdline = "import time; f = open(r'%s', 'r'); time.sleep(60);" % TESTFN
        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", cmdline], wait=True)
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)

        for x in range(100):
            filenames = [x.path for x in p.open_files()]
            if TESTFN in filenames:
                break
            time.sleep(.01)
        else:
            self.assertIn(TESTFN, filenames)
        for file in filenames:
            assert os.path.isfile(file), file

    # TODO
    @unittest.skipIf(BSD, "broken on BSD, see #595")
    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR,
                     "can't find any process file on Appveyor")
    def test_open_files2(self):
        # test fd and path fields
        with open(TESTFN, 'w') as fileobj:
            p = psutil.Process()
            for path, fd in p.open_files():
                if path == fileobj.name or fd == fileobj.fileno():
                    break
            else:
                self.fail("no file found; files=%s" % repr(p.open_files()))
            self.assertEqual(path, fileobj.name)
            if WINDOWS:
                self.assertEqual(fd, -1)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(fd, fileobj.fileno())
            # test positions
            ntuple = p.open_files()[0]
            self.assertEqual(ntuple[0], ntuple.path)
            self.assertEqual(ntuple[1], ntuple.fd)
            # test file is gone
            self.assertTrue(fileobj.name not in p.open_files())

    def compare_proc_sys_cons(self, pid, proc_cons):
        from psutil._common import pconn
        sys_cons = []
        for c in psutil.net_connections(kind='all'):
            if c.pid == pid:
                sys_cons.append(pconn(*c[:-1]))
        if BSD:
            # on BSD all fds are set to -1
            proc_cons = [pconn(*[-1] + list(x[1:])) for x in proc_cons]
        self.assertEqual(sorted(proc_cons), sorted(sys_cons))

    @skip_on_access_denied(only_if=OSX)
    def test_connections(self):
        def check_conn(proc, conn, family, type, laddr, raddr, status, kinds):
            all_kinds = ("all", "inet", "inet4", "inet6", "tcp", "tcp4",
                         "tcp6", "udp", "udp4", "udp6")
            check_connection_ntuple(conn)
            self.assertEqual(conn.family, family)
            self.assertEqual(conn.type, type)
            self.assertEqual(conn.laddr, laddr)
            self.assertEqual(conn.raddr, raddr)
            self.assertEqual(conn.status, status)
            for kind in all_kinds:
                cons = proc.connections(kind=kind)
                if kind in kinds:
                    self.assertNotEqual(cons, [])
                else:
                    self.assertEqual(cons, [])
            # compare against system-wide connections
            # XXX Solaris can't retrieve system-wide UNIX
            # sockets.
            if not SUNOS:
                self.compare_proc_sys_cons(proc.pid, [conn])

        tcp_template = textwrap.dedent("""
            import socket, time
            s = socket.socket($family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            s.bind(('$addr', 0))
            s.listen(1)
            with open('$testfn', 'w') as f:
                f.write(str(s.getsockname()[:2]))
            time.sleep(60)
        """)

        udp_template = textwrap.dedent("""
            import socket, time
            s = socket.socket($family, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
            s.bind(('$addr', 0))
            with open('$testfn', 'w') as f:
                f.write(str(s.getsockname()[:2]))
            time.sleep(60)
        """)

        from string import Template
        testfile = os.path.basename(TESTFN)
        tcp4_template = Template(tcp_template).substitute(
            family=int(AF_INET), addr="127.0.0.1", testfn=testfile)
        udp4_template = Template(udp_template).substitute(
            family=int(AF_INET), addr="127.0.0.1", testfn=testfile)
        tcp6_template = Template(tcp_template).substitute(
            family=int(AF_INET6), addr="::1", testfn=testfile)
        udp6_template = Template(udp_template).substitute(
            family=int(AF_INET6), addr="::1", testfn=testfile)

        # launch various subprocess instantiating a socket of various
        # families and types to enrich psutil results
        tcp4_proc = pyrun(tcp4_template)
        tcp4_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
        udp4_proc = pyrun(udp4_template)
        udp4_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
        if supports_ipv6():
            tcp6_proc = pyrun(tcp6_template)
            tcp6_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
            udp6_proc = pyrun(udp6_template)
            udp6_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
        else:
            tcp6_proc = None
            udp6_proc = None
            tcp6_addr = None
            udp6_addr = None

        for p in psutil.Process().children():
            cons = p.connections()
            self.assertEqual(len(cons), 1)
            for conn in cons:
                # TCP v4
                if p.pid == tcp4_proc.pid:
                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, tcp4_addr, (),
                               psutil.CONN_LISTEN,
                               ("all", "inet", "inet4", "tcp", "tcp4"))
                # UDP v4
                elif p.pid == udp4_proc.pid:
                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, udp4_addr, (),
                               psutil.CONN_NONE,
                               ("all", "inet", "inet4", "udp", "udp4"))
                # TCP v6
                elif p.pid == getattr(tcp6_proc, "pid", None):
                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, tcp6_addr, (),
                               psutil.CONN_LISTEN,
                               ("all", "inet", "inet6", "tcp", "tcp6"))
                # UDP v6
                elif p.pid == getattr(udp6_proc, "pid", None):
                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, udp6_addr, (),
                               psutil.CONN_NONE,
                               ("all", "inet", "inet6", "udp", "udp6"))

    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'),
                         'AF_UNIX is not supported')
    @skip_on_access_denied(only_if=OSX)
    def test_connections_unix(self):
        def check(type):
            safe_remove(TESTFN)
            sock = socket.socket(AF_UNIX, type)
            with contextlib.closing(sock):
                sock.bind(TESTFN)
                cons = psutil.Process().connections(kind='unix')
                conn = cons[0]
                check_connection_ntuple(conn)
                if conn.fd != -1:  # != sunos and windows
                    self.assertEqual(conn.fd, sock.fileno())
                self.assertEqual(conn.family, AF_UNIX)
                self.assertEqual(conn.type, type)
                self.assertEqual(conn.laddr, TESTFN)
                if not SUNOS:
                    # XXX Solaris can't retrieve system-wide UNIX
                    # sockets.
                    self.compare_proc_sys_cons(os.getpid(), cons)

        check(SOCK_STREAM)
        check(SOCK_DGRAM)

    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "fromfd"),
                         'socket.fromfd() is not availble')
    @unittest.skipIf(WINDOWS or SUNOS,
                     'connection fd not available on this platform')
    def test_connection_fromfd(self):
        with contextlib.closing(socket.socket()) as sock:
            sock.bind(('localhost', 0))
            sock.listen(1)
            p = psutil.Process()
            for conn in p.connections():
                if conn.fd == sock.fileno():
                    break
            else:
                self.fail("couldn't find socket fd")
            dupsock = socket.fromfd(conn.fd, conn.family, conn.type)
            with contextlib.closing(dupsock):
                self.assertEqual(dupsock.getsockname(), conn.laddr)
                self.assertNotEqual(sock.fileno(), dupsock.fileno())

    def test_connection_constants(self):
        ints = []
        strs = []
        for name in dir(psutil):
            if name.startswith('CONN_'):
                num = getattr(psutil, name)
                str_ = str(num)
                assert str_.isupper(), str_
                assert str_ not in strs, str_
                assert num not in ints, num
                ints.append(num)
                strs.append(str_)
        if SUNOS:
            psutil.CONN_IDLE
            psutil.CONN_BOUND
        if WINDOWS:
            psutil.CONN_DELETE_TCB

    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
    def test_num_fds(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        start = p.num_fds()
        file = open(TESTFN, 'w')
        self.addCleanup(file.close)
        self.assertEqual(p.num_fds(), start + 1)
        sock = socket.socket()
        self.addCleanup(sock.close)
        self.assertEqual(p.num_fds(), start + 2)
        file.close()
        sock.close()
        self.assertEqual(p.num_fds(), start)

    @skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=LINUX)
    def test_num_ctx_switches(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        before = sum(p.num_ctx_switches())
        for x in range(500000):
            after = sum(p.num_ctx_switches())
            if after > before:
                return
        self.fail("num ctx switches still the same after 50.000 iterations")

    def test_parent_ppid(self):
        this_parent = os.getpid()
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        self.assertEqual(p.ppid(), this_parent)
        self.assertEqual(p.parent().pid, this_parent)
        # no other process is supposed to have us as parent
        for p in psutil.process_iter():
            if p.pid == sproc.pid:
                continue
            self.assertTrue(p.ppid() != this_parent)

    def test_children(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        self.assertEqual(p.children(), [])
        self.assertEqual(p.children(recursive=True), [])
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        children1 = p.children()
        children2 = p.children(recursive=True)
        for children in (children1, children2):
            self.assertEqual(len(children), 1)
            self.assertEqual(children[0].pid, sproc.pid)
            self.assertEqual(children[0].ppid(), os.getpid())

    def test_children_recursive(self):
        # here we create a subprocess which creates another one as in:
        # A (parent) -> B (child) -> C (grandchild)
        s = "import subprocess, os, sys, time;"
        s += "PYTHON = os.path.realpath(sys.executable);"
        s += "cmd = [PYTHON, '-c', 'import time; time.sleep(60);'];"
        s += "subprocess.Popen(cmd);"
        s += "time.sleep(60);"
        get_test_subprocess(cmd=[PYTHON, "-c", s])
        p = psutil.Process()
        self.assertEqual(len(p.children(recursive=False)), 1)
        # give the grandchild some time to start
        stop_at = time.time() + GLOBAL_TIMEOUT
        while time.time() < stop_at:
            children = p.children(recursive=True)
            if len(children) > 1:
                break
        self.assertEqual(len(children), 2)
        self.assertEqual(children[0].ppid(), os.getpid())
        self.assertEqual(children[1].ppid(), children[0].pid)

    def test_children_duplicates(self):
        # find the process which has the highest number of children
        table = collections.defaultdict(int)
        for p in psutil.process_iter():
            try:
                table[p.ppid()] += 1
            except psutil.Error:
                pass
        # this is the one, now let's make sure there are no duplicates
        pid = sorted(table.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[-1][0]
        p = psutil.Process(pid)
        try:
            c = p.children(recursive=True)
        except psutil.AccessDenied:  # windows
            pass
        else:
            self.assertEqual(len(c), len(set(c)))

    def test_suspend_resume(self):
        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.suspend()
        for x in range(100):
            if p.status() == psutil.STATUS_STOPPED:
                break
            time.sleep(0.01)
        p.resume()
        self.assertNotEqual(p.status(), psutil.STATUS_STOPPED)

    def test_invalid_pid(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, psutil.Process, "1")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, psutil.Process, -1)

    def test_as_dict(self):
        p = psutil.Process()
        d = p.as_dict(attrs=['exe', 'name'])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(d.keys()), ['exe', 'name'])

        p = psutil.Process(min(psutil.pids()))
        d = p.as_dict(attrs=['connections'], ad_value='foo')
        if not isinstance(d['connections'], list):
            self.assertEqual(d['connections'], 'foo')

    def test_halfway_terminated_process(self):
        # Test that NoSuchProcess exception gets raised in case the
        # process dies after we create the Process object.
        # Example:
        #  >>> proc = Process(1234)
        # >>> time.sleep(2)  # time-consuming task, process dies in meantime
        #  >>> proc.name()
        # Refers to Issue #15
        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
        p.terminate()
        p.wait()
        if WINDOWS:
            wait_for_pid(p.pid)
        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())
        self.assertFalse(p.pid in psutil.pids())

        excluded_names = ['pid', 'is_running', 'wait', 'create_time']
        if LINUX and not RLIMIT_SUPPORT:
            excluded_names.append('rlimit')
        for name in dir(p):
            if (name.startswith('_') or
                    name in excluded_names):
                continue
            try:
                meth = getattr(p, name)
                # get/set methods
                if name == 'nice':
                    if POSIX:
                        ret = meth(1)
                    else:
                        ret = meth(psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
                elif name == 'ionice':
                    ret = meth()
                    ret = meth(2)
                elif name == 'rlimit':
                    ret = meth(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
                    ret = meth(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
                elif name == 'cpu_affinity':
                    ret = meth()
                    ret = meth([0])
                elif name == 'send_signal':
                    ret = meth(signal.SIGTERM)
                else:
                    ret = meth()
            except psutil.ZombieProcess:
                self.fail("ZombieProcess for %r was not supposed to happen" %
                          name)
            except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
                pass
            except NotImplementedError:
                pass
            else:
                self.fail(
                    "NoSuchProcess exception not raised for %r, retval=%s" % (
                        name, ret))

    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
    def test_zombie_process(self):
        def succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(fun, *args, **kwargs):
            try:
                fun(*args, **kwargs)
            except (psutil.ZombieProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
                pass

        # Note: in this test we'll be creating two sub processes.
        # Both of them are supposed to be freed / killed by
        # reap_children() as they are attributable to 'us'
        # (os.getpid()) via children(recursive=True).
        src = textwrap.dedent("""\
        import os, sys, time, socket, contextlib
        child_pid = os.fork()
        if child_pid > 0:
            time.sleep(3000)
        else:
            # this is the zombie process
            s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX)
            with contextlib.closing(s):
                s.connect('%s')
                if sys.version_info < (3, ):
                    pid = str(os.getpid())
                else:
                    pid = bytes(str(os.getpid()), 'ascii')
                s.sendall(pid)
        """ % TESTFN)
        with contextlib.closing(socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX)) as sock:
            try:
                sock.settimeout(GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
                sock.bind(TESTFN)
                sock.listen(1)
                pyrun(src)
                conn, _ = sock.accept()
                select.select([conn.fileno()], [], [], GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
                zpid = int(conn.recv(1024))
                zproc = psutil.Process(zpid)
                call_until(lambda: zproc.status(),
                           "ret == psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE")
                # A zombie process should always be instantiable
                zproc = psutil.Process(zpid)
                # ...and at least its status always be querable
                self.assertEqual(zproc.status(), psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE)
                # ...and it should be considered 'running'
                self.assertTrue(zproc.is_running())
                # ...and as_dict() shouldn't crash
                zproc.as_dict()
                if hasattr(zproc, "rlimit"):
                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.rlimit, psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.rlimit, psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE,
                                            (5, 5))
                # set methods
                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.parent)
                if hasattr(zproc, 'cpu_affinity'):
                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.cpu_affinity, [0])
                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.nice, 0)
                if hasattr(zproc, 'ionice'):
                    if LINUX:
                        succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.ionice, 2, 0)
                    else:
                        succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.ionice, 0)  # Windows
                if hasattr(zproc, 'rlimit'):
                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.rlimit,
                                            psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.suspend)
                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.resume)
                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.terminate)
                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.kill)

                # ...its parent should 'see' it
                # edit: not true on BSD and OSX
                # descendants = [x.pid for x in psutil.Process().children(
                #                recursive=True)]
                # self.assertIn(zpid, descendants)
                # XXX should we also assume ppid be usable?  Note: this
                # would be an important use case as the only way to get
                # rid of a zombie is to kill its parent.
                # self.assertEqual(zpid.ppid(), os.getpid())
                # ...and all other APIs should be able to deal with it
                self.assertTrue(psutil.pid_exists(zpid))
                self.assertIn(zpid, psutil.pids())
                self.assertIn(zpid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
                psutil._pmap = {}
                self.assertIn(zpid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
            finally:
                reap_children(search_all=True)

    def test_pid_0(self):
        # Process(0) is supposed to work on all platforms except Linux
        if 0 not in psutil.pids():
            self.assertRaises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.Process, 0)
            return

        p = psutil.Process(0)
        self.assertTrue(p.name())

        if POSIX:
            try:
                self.assertEqual(p.uids().real, 0)
                self.assertEqual(p.gids().real, 0)
            except psutil.AccessDenied:
                pass

            self.assertRaisesRegexp(
                ValueError, "preventing sending signal to process with PID 0",
                p.send_signal, signal.SIGTERM)

        self.assertIn(p.ppid(), (0, 1))
        # self.assertEqual(p.exe(), "")
        p.cmdline()
        try:
            p.num_threads()
        except psutil.AccessDenied:
            pass

        try:
            p.memory_info()
        except psutil.AccessDenied:
            pass

        try:
            if POSIX:
                self.assertEqual(p.username(), 'root')
            elif WINDOWS:
                self.assertEqual(p.username(), 'NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM')
            else:
                p.username()
        except psutil.AccessDenied:
            pass

        self.assertIn(0, psutil.pids())
        self.assertTrue(psutil.pid_exists(0))

    def test_Popen(self):
        # Popen class test
        # XXX this test causes a ResourceWarning on Python 3 because
        # psutil.__subproc instance doesn't get propertly freed.
        # Not sure what to do though.
        cmd = [PYTHON, "-c", "import time; time.sleep(60);"]
        proc = psutil.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        try:
            proc.name()
            proc.stdin
            self.assertTrue(hasattr(proc, 'name'))
            self.assertTrue(hasattr(proc, 'stdin'))
            self.assertTrue(dir(proc))
            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, proc, 'foo')
        finally:
            proc.kill()
            proc.wait()
            self.assertIsNotNone(proc.returncode)


# ===================================================================
# --- Featch all processes test
# ===================================================================

class TestFetchAllProcesses(unittest.TestCase):
    """Test which iterates over all running processes and performs
    some sanity checks against Process API's returned values.
    """

    def setUp(self):
        if POSIX:
            import pwd
            pall = pwd.getpwall()
            self._uids = set([x.pw_uid for x in pall])
            self._usernames = set([x.pw_name for x in pall])

    def test_fetch_all(self):
        valid_procs = 0
        excluded_names = set([
            'send_signal', 'suspend', 'resume', 'terminate', 'kill', 'wait',
            'as_dict', 'cpu_percent', 'parent', 'children', 'pid'])
        if LINUX and not RLIMIT_SUPPORT:
            excluded_names.add('rlimit')
        attrs = []
        for name in dir(psutil.Process):
            if name.startswith("_"):
                continue
            if name in excluded_names:
                continue
            attrs.append(name)

        default = object()
        failures = []
        for name in attrs:
            for p in psutil.process_iter():
                ret = default
                try:
                    try:
                        args = ()
                        attr = getattr(p, name, None)
                        if attr is not None and callable(attr):
                            if name == 'rlimit':
                                args = (psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE,)
                            ret = attr(*args)
                        else:
                            ret = attr
                        valid_procs += 1
                    except NotImplementedError:
                        msg = "%r was skipped because not implemented" % (
                            self.__class__.__name__ + '.test_' + name)
                        warn(msg)
                    except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied) as err:
                        self.assertEqual(err.pid, p.pid)
                        if err.name:
                            # make sure exception's name attr is set
                            # with the actual process name
                            self.assertEqual(err.name, p.name())
                        self.assertTrue(str(err))
                        self.assertTrue(err.msg)
                    else:
                        if ret not in (0, 0.0, [], None, ''):
                            assert ret, ret
                        meth = getattr(self, name)
                        meth(ret)
                except Exception as err:
                    s = '\n' + '=' * 70 + '\n'
                    s += "FAIL: test_%s (proc=%s" % (name, p)
                    if ret != default:
                        s += ", ret=%s)" % repr(ret)
                    s += ')\n'
                    s += '-' * 70
                    s += "\n%s" % traceback.format_exc()
                    s = "\n".join((" " * 4) + i for i in s.splitlines())
                    failures.append(s)
                    break

        if failures:
            self.fail(''.join(failures))

        # we should always have a non-empty list, not including PID 0 etc.
        # special cases.
        self.assertTrue(valid_procs > 0)

    def cmdline(self, ret):
        pass

    def exe(self, ret):
        if not ret:
            self.assertEqual(ret, '')
        else:
            assert os.path.isabs(ret), ret
            # Note: os.stat() may return False even if the file is there
            # hence we skip the test, see:
            # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3112546/os-path-exists-lies
            if POSIX and os.path.isfile(ret):
                if hasattr(os, 'access') and hasattr(os, "X_OK"):
                    # XXX may fail on OSX
                    self.assertTrue(os.access(ret, os.X_OK))

    def ppid(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret >= 0)

    def name(self, ret):
        self.assertIsInstance(ret, (str, unicode))
        self.assertTrue(ret)

    def create_time(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret > 0)
        # this can't be taken for granted on all platforms
        # self.assertGreaterEqual(ret, psutil.boot_time())
        # make sure returned value can be pretty printed
        # with strftime
        time.strftime("%Y %m %d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(ret))

    def uids(self, ret):
        for uid in ret:
            self.assertTrue(uid >= 0)
            self.assertIn(uid, self._uids)

    def gids(self, ret):
        # note: testing all gids as above seems not to be reliable for
        # gid == 30 (nodoby); not sure why.
        for gid in ret:
            self.assertTrue(gid >= 0)
            # self.assertIn(uid, self.gids

    def username(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret)
        if POSIX:
            self.assertIn(ret, self._usernames)

    def status(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret != "")
        self.assertTrue(ret != '?')
        self.assertIn(ret, VALID_PROC_STATUSES)

    def io_counters(self, ret):
        for field in ret:
            if field != -1:
                self.assertTrue(field >= 0)

    def ionice(self, ret):
        if LINUX:
            self.assertTrue(ret.ioclass >= 0)
            self.assertTrue(ret.value >= 0)
        else:
            self.assertTrue(ret >= 0)
            self.assertIn(ret, (0, 1, 2))

    def num_threads(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret >= 1)

    def threads(self, ret):
        for t in ret:
            self.assertTrue(t.id >= 0)
            self.assertTrue(t.user_time >= 0)
            self.assertTrue(t.system_time >= 0)

    def cpu_times(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret.user >= 0)
        self.assertTrue(ret.system >= 0)

    def memory_info(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret.rss >= 0)
        self.assertTrue(ret.vms >= 0)

    def memory_info_ex(self, ret):
        for name in ret._fields:
            self.assertTrue(getattr(ret, name) >= 0)
        if POSIX and ret.vms != 0:
            # VMS is always supposed to be the highest
            for name in ret._fields:
                if name != 'vms':
                    value = getattr(ret, name)
                    assert ret.vms > value, ret
        elif WINDOWS:
            assert ret.peak_wset >= ret.wset, ret
            assert ret.peak_paged_pool >= ret.paged_pool, ret
            assert ret.peak_nonpaged_pool >= ret.nonpaged_pool, ret
            assert ret.peak_pagefile >= ret.pagefile, ret

    def open_files(self, ret):
        for f in ret:
            if WINDOWS:
                assert f.fd == -1, f
            else:
                self.assertIsInstance(f.fd, int)
            assert os.path.isabs(f.path), f
            assert os.path.isfile(f.path), f

    def num_fds(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret >= 0)

    def connections(self, ret):
        self.assertEqual(len(ret), len(set(ret)))
        for conn in ret:
            check_connection_ntuple(conn)

    def cwd(self, ret):
        if ret is not None:  # BSD may return None
            assert os.path.isabs(ret), ret
            try:
                st = os.stat(ret)
            except OSError as err:
                # directory has been removed in mean time
                if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                    raise
            else:
                self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))

    def memory_percent(self, ret):
        assert 0 <= ret <= 100, ret

    def is_running(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret)

    def cpu_affinity(self, ret):
        assert ret != [], ret

    def terminal(self, ret):
        if ret is not None:
            assert os.path.isabs(ret), ret
            assert os.path.exists(ret), ret

    def memory_maps(self, ret):
        for nt in ret:
            for fname in nt._fields:
                value = getattr(nt, fname)
                if fname == 'path':
                    if not value.startswith('['):
                        assert os.path.isabs(nt.path), nt.path
                        # commented as on Linux we might get
                        # '/foo/bar (deleted)'
                        # assert os.path.exists(nt.path), nt.path
                elif fname in ('addr', 'perms'):
                    self.assertTrue(value)
                else:
                    self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
                    assert value >= 0, value

    def num_handles(self, ret):
        if WINDOWS:
            self.assertGreaterEqual(ret, 0)
        else:
            self.assertGreaterEqual(ret, 0)

    def nice(self, ret):
        if POSIX:
            assert -20 <= ret <= 20, ret
        else:
            priorities = [getattr(psutil, x) for x in dir(psutil)
                          if x.endswith('_PRIORITY_CLASS')]
            self.assertIn(ret, priorities)

    def num_ctx_switches(self, ret):
        self.assertTrue(ret.voluntary >= 0)
        self.assertTrue(ret.involuntary >= 0)

    def rlimit(self, ret):
        self.assertEqual(len(ret), 2)
        self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[0], -1)
        self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[1], -1)


# ===================================================================
# --- Limited user tests
# ===================================================================

@unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "UNIX only")
@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getuid') and os.getuid() == 0,
                     "super user privileges are required")
class LimitedUserTestCase(TestProcess):
    """Repeat the previous tests by using a limited user.
    Executed only on UNIX and only if the user who run the test script
    is root.
    """
    # the uid/gid the test suite runs under
    if hasattr(os, 'getuid'):
        PROCESS_UID = os.getuid()
        PROCESS_GID = os.getgid()

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        TestProcess.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        # re-define all existent test methods in order to
        # ignore AccessDenied exceptions
        for attr in [x for x in dir(self) if x.startswith('test')]:
            meth = getattr(self, attr)

            def test_(self):
                try:
                    meth()
                except psutil.AccessDenied:
                    pass
            setattr(self, attr, types.MethodType(test_, self))

    def setUp(self):
        safe_remove(TESTFN)
        TestProcess.setUp(self)
        os.setegid(1000)
        os.seteuid(1000)

    def tearDown(self):
        os.setegid(self.PROCESS_UID)
        os.seteuid(self.PROCESS_GID)
        TestProcess.tearDown(self)

    def test_nice(self):
        try:
            psutil.Process().nice(-1)
        except psutil.AccessDenied:
            pass
        else:
            self.fail("exception not raised")

    def test_zombie_process(self):
        # causes problems if test test suite is run as root
        pass


# ===================================================================
# --- Misc tests
# ===================================================================

class TestMisc(unittest.TestCase):
    """Misc / generic tests."""

    def test_process__repr__(self, func=repr):
        p = psutil.Process()
        r = func(p)
        self.assertIn("psutil.Process", r)
        self.assertIn("pid=%s" % p.pid, r)
        self.assertIn("name=", r)
        self.assertIn(p.name(), r)
        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, "name",
                               side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(os.getpid())):
            p = psutil.Process()
            r = func(p)
            self.assertIn("pid=%s" % p.pid, r)
            self.assertIn("zombie", r)
            self.assertNotIn("name=", r)
        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, "name",
                               side_effect=psutil.NoSuchProcess(os.getpid())):
            p = psutil.Process()
            r = func(p)
            self.assertIn("pid=%s" % p.pid, r)
            self.assertIn("terminated", r)
            self.assertNotIn("name=", r)

    def test_process__str__(self):
        self.test_process__repr__(func=str)

    def test_no_such_process__repr__(self, func=repr):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.NoSuchProcess(321)),
            "psutil.NoSuchProcess process no longer exists (pid=321)")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.NoSuchProcess(321, name='foo')),
            "psutil.NoSuchProcess process no longer exists (pid=321, "
            "name='foo')")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.NoSuchProcess(321, msg='foo')),
            "psutil.NoSuchProcess foo")

    def test_zombie_process__repr__(self, func=repr):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321)),
            "psutil.ZombieProcess process still exists but it's a zombie "
            "(pid=321)")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321, name='foo')),
            "psutil.ZombieProcess process still exists but it's a zombie "
            "(pid=321, name='foo')")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321, name='foo', ppid=1)),
            "psutil.ZombieProcess process still exists but it's a zombie "
            "(pid=321, name='foo', ppid=1)")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321, msg='foo')),
            "psutil.ZombieProcess foo")

    def test_access_denied__repr__(self, func=repr):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.AccessDenied(321)),
            "psutil.AccessDenied (pid=321)")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.AccessDenied(321, name='foo')),
            "psutil.AccessDenied (pid=321, name='foo')")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.AccessDenied(321, msg='foo')),
            "psutil.AccessDenied foo")

    def test_timeout_expired__repr__(self, func=repr):
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.TimeoutExpired(321)),
            "psutil.TimeoutExpired timeout after 321 seconds")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.TimeoutExpired(321, pid=111)),
            "psutil.TimeoutExpired timeout after 321 seconds (pid=111)")
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(psutil.TimeoutExpired(321, pid=111, name='foo')),
            "psutil.TimeoutExpired timeout after 321 seconds "
            "(pid=111, name='foo')")

    def test_process__eq__(self):
        p1 = psutil.Process()
        p2 = psutil.Process()
        self.assertEqual(p1, p2)
        p2._ident = (0, 0)
        self.assertNotEqual(p1, p2)
        self.assertNotEqual(p1, 'foo')

    def test_process__hash__(self):
        s = set([psutil.Process(), psutil.Process()])
        self.assertEqual(len(s), 1)

    def test__all__(self):
        dir_psutil = dir(psutil)
        for name in dir_psutil:
            if name in ('callable', 'error', 'namedtuple',
                        'long', 'test', 'NUM_CPUS', 'BOOT_TIME',
                        'TOTAL_PHYMEM'):
                continue
            if not name.startswith('_'):
                try:
                    __import__(name)
                except ImportError:
                    if name not in psutil.__all__:
                        fun = getattr(psutil, name)
                        if fun is None:
                            continue
                        if (fun.__doc__ is not None and
                                'deprecated' not in fun.__doc__.lower()):
                            self.fail('%r not in psutil.__all__' % name)

        # Import 'star' will break if __all__ is inconsistent, see:
        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/656
        # Can't do `from psutil import *` as it won't work on python 3
        # so we simply iterate over __all__.
        for name in psutil.__all__:
            self.assertIn(name, dir_psutil)

    def test_version(self):
        self.assertEqual('.'.join([str(x) for x in psutil.version_info]),
                         psutil.__version__)

    def test_memoize(self):
        from psutil._common import memoize

        @memoize
        def foo(*args, **kwargs):
            "foo docstring"
            calls.append(None)
            return (args, kwargs)

        calls = []
        # no args
        for x in range(2):
            ret = foo()
            expected = ((), {})
            self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
            self.assertEqual(len(calls), 1)
        # with args
        for x in range(2):
            ret = foo(1)
            expected = ((1, ), {})
            self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
            self.assertEqual(len(calls), 2)
        # with args + kwargs
        for x in range(2):
            ret = foo(1, bar=2)
            expected = ((1, ), {'bar': 2})
            self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
            self.assertEqual(len(calls), 3)
        # clear cache
        foo.cache_clear()
        ret = foo()
        expected = ((), {})
        self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
        self.assertEqual(len(calls), 4)
        # docstring
        self.assertEqual(foo.__doc__, "foo docstring")

    def test_isfile_strict(self):
        from psutil._common import isfile_strict
        this_file = os.path.abspath(__file__)
        assert isfile_strict(this_file)
        assert not isfile_strict(os.path.dirname(this_file))
        with mock.patch('psutil._common.os.stat',
                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "foo")):
            self.assertRaises(OSError, isfile_strict, this_file)
        with mock.patch('psutil._common.os.stat',
                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EACCES, "foo")):
            self.assertRaises(OSError, isfile_strict, this_file)
        with mock.patch('psutil._common.os.stat',
                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EINVAL, "foo")):
            assert not isfile_strict(this_file)
        with mock.patch('psutil._common.stat.S_ISREG', return_value=False):
            assert not isfile_strict(this_file)

    def test_serialization(self):
        def check(ret):
            if json is not None:
                json.loads(json.dumps(ret))
            a = pickle.dumps(ret)
            b = pickle.loads(a)
            self.assertEqual(ret, b)

        check(psutil.Process().as_dict())
        check(psutil.virtual_memory())
        check(psutil.swap_memory())
        check(psutil.cpu_times())
        check(psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=0))
        check(psutil.net_io_counters())
        if LINUX and not os.path.exists('/proc/diskstats'):
            pass
        else:
            if not APPVEYOR:
                check(psutil.disk_io_counters())
        check(psutil.disk_partitions())
        check(psutil.disk_usage(os.getcwd()))
        check(psutil.users())

    def test_setup_script(self):
        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
        setup_py = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(here, '..', 'setup.py'))
        module = imp.load_source('setup', setup_py)
        self.assertRaises(SystemExit, module.setup)
        self.assertEqual(module.get_version(), psutil.__version__)

    def test_ad_on_process_creation(self):
        # We are supposed to be able to instantiate Process also in case
        # of zombie processes or access denied.
        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, 'create_time',
                               side_effect=psutil.AccessDenied) as meth:
            psutil.Process()
            assert meth.called
        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, 'create_time',
                               side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(1)) as meth:
            psutil.Process()
            assert meth.called
        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, 'create_time',
                               side_effect=ValueError) as meth:
            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                psutil.Process()
            assert meth.called


# ===================================================================
# --- Example script tests
# ===================================================================

class TestExampleScripts(unittest.TestCase):
    """Tests for scripts in the examples directory."""

    def assert_stdout(self, exe, args=None):
        exe = os.path.join(EXAMPLES_DIR, exe)
        if args:
            exe = exe + ' ' + args
        try:
            out = sh(sys.executable + ' ' + exe).strip()
        except RuntimeError as err:
            if 'AccessDenied' in str(err):
                return str(err)
            else:
                raise
        assert out, out
        return out

    def assert_syntax(self, exe, args=None):
        exe = os.path.join(EXAMPLES_DIR, exe)
        with open(exe, 'r') as f:
            src = f.read()
        ast.parse(src)

    def test_check_presence(self):
        # make sure all example scripts have a test method defined
        meths = dir(self)
        for name in os.listdir(EXAMPLES_DIR):
            if name.endswith('.py'):
                if 'test_' + os.path.splitext(name)[0] not in meths:
                    # self.assert_stdout(name)
                    self.fail('no test defined for %r script'
                              % os.path.join(EXAMPLES_DIR, name))

    def test_disk_usage(self):
        self.assert_stdout('disk_usage.py')

    def test_free(self):
        self.assert_stdout('free.py')

    def test_meminfo(self):
        self.assert_stdout('meminfo.py')

    def test_process_detail(self):
        self.assert_stdout('process_detail.py')

    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR, "can't find users on Appveyor")
    def test_who(self):
        self.assert_stdout('who.py')

    def test_ps(self):
        self.assert_stdout('ps.py')

    def test_pstree(self):
        self.assert_stdout('pstree.py')

    def test_netstat(self):
        self.assert_stdout('netstat.py')

    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "permission denied on travis")
    def test_ifconfig(self):
        self.assert_stdout('ifconfig.py')

    def test_pmap(self):
        self.assert_stdout('pmap.py', args=str(os.getpid()))

    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
                     'ast module not available on this python version')
    def test_killall(self):
        self.assert_syntax('killall.py')

    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
                     'ast module not available on this python version')
    def test_nettop(self):
        self.assert_syntax('nettop.py')

    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
                     'ast module not available on this python version')
    def test_top(self):
        self.assert_syntax('top.py')

    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
                     'ast module not available on this python version')
    def test_iotop(self):
        self.assert_syntax('iotop.py')

    def test_pidof(self):
        output = self.assert_stdout('pidof.py %s' % psutil.Process().name())
        self.assertIn(str(os.getpid()), output)


def main():
    tests = []
    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
    tests.append(TestSystemAPIs)
    tests.append(TestProcess)
    tests.append(TestFetchAllProcesses)
    tests.append(TestMisc)
    tests.append(TestExampleScripts)
    tests.append(LimitedUserTestCase)

    if POSIX:
        from _posix import PosixSpecificTestCase
        tests.append(PosixSpecificTestCase)

    # import the specific platform test suite
    stc = None
    if LINUX:
        from _linux import LinuxSpecificTestCase as stc
    elif WINDOWS:
        from _windows import WindowsSpecificTestCase as stc
        from _windows import TestDualProcessImplementation
        tests.append(TestDualProcessImplementation)
    elif OSX:
        from _osx import OSXSpecificTestCase as stc
    elif BSD:
        from _bsd import BSDSpecificTestCase as stc
    elif SUNOS:
        from _sunos import SunOSSpecificTestCase as stc
    if stc is not None:
        tests.append(stc)

    for test_class in tests:
        test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(test_class))
    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
    return result.wasSuccessful()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    if not main():
        sys.exit(1)