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-// Copyright (c) 2010 Google Inc.
-// All rights reserved.
-//
-// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
-// met:
-//
-// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
-// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
-// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-// distribution.
-// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
-// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
-// this software without specific prior written permission.
-//
-// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
-// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
-// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
-// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
-// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-// stackwalker_amd64.cc: amd64-specific stackwalker.
-//
-// See stackwalker_amd64.h for documentation.
-//
-// Author: Mark Mentovai, Ted Mielczarek
-
-#include <assert.h>
-
-#include "common/scoped_ptr.h"
-#include "google_breakpad/processor/call_stack.h"
-#include "google_breakpad/processor/memory_region.h"
-#include "google_breakpad/processor/source_line_resolver_interface.h"
-#include "google_breakpad/processor/stack_frame_cpu.h"
-#include "google_breakpad/processor/system_info.h"
-#include "processor/cfi_frame_info.h"
-#include "processor/logging.h"
-#include "processor/stackwalker_amd64.h"
-
-namespace google_breakpad {
-
-
-const StackwalkerAMD64::CFIWalker::RegisterSet
-StackwalkerAMD64::cfi_register_map_[] = {
- // It may seem like $rip and $rsp are callee-saves, because the callee is
- // responsible for having them restored upon return. But the callee_saves
- // flags here really means that the walker should assume they're
- // unchanged if the CFI doesn't mention them --- clearly wrong for $rip
- // and $rsp.
- { "$rax", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RAX, &MDRawContextAMD64::rax },
- { "$rdx", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RDX, &MDRawContextAMD64::rdx },
- { "$rcx", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RCX, &MDRawContextAMD64::rcx },
- { "$rbx", NULL, true,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RBX, &MDRawContextAMD64::rbx },
- { "$rsi", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RSI, &MDRawContextAMD64::rsi },
- { "$rdi", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RDI, &MDRawContextAMD64::rdi },
- { "$rbp", NULL, true,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RBP, &MDRawContextAMD64::rbp },
- { "$rsp", ".cfa", false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RSP, &MDRawContextAMD64::rsp },
- { "$r8", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R8, &MDRawContextAMD64::r8 },
- { "$r9", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R9, &MDRawContextAMD64::r9 },
- { "$r10", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R10, &MDRawContextAMD64::r10 },
- { "$r11", NULL, false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R11, &MDRawContextAMD64::r11 },
- { "$r12", NULL, true,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R12, &MDRawContextAMD64::r12 },
- { "$r13", NULL, true,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R13, &MDRawContextAMD64::r13 },
- { "$r14", NULL, true,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R14, &MDRawContextAMD64::r14 },
- { "$r15", NULL, true,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_R15, &MDRawContextAMD64::r15 },
- { "$rip", ".ra", false,
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RIP, &MDRawContextAMD64::rip },
-};
-
-StackwalkerAMD64::StackwalkerAMD64(const SystemInfo* system_info,
- const MDRawContextAMD64* context,
- MemoryRegion* memory,
- const CodeModules* modules,
- StackFrameSymbolizer* resolver_helper)
- : Stackwalker(system_info, memory, modules, resolver_helper),
- context_(context),
- cfi_walker_(cfi_register_map_,
- (sizeof(cfi_register_map_) / sizeof(cfi_register_map_[0]))) {
-}
-
-uint64_t StackFrameAMD64::ReturnAddress() const {
- assert(context_validity & StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RIP);
- return context.rip;
-}
-
-StackFrame* StackwalkerAMD64::GetContextFrame() {
- if (!context_) {
- BPLOG(ERROR) << "Can't get context frame without context";
- return NULL;
- }
-
- StackFrameAMD64* frame = new StackFrameAMD64();
-
- // The instruction pointer is stored directly in a register, so pull it
- // straight out of the CPU context structure.
- frame->context = *context_;
- frame->context_validity = StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_ALL;
- frame->trust = StackFrame::FRAME_TRUST_CONTEXT;
- frame->instruction = frame->context.rip;
-
- return frame;
-}
-
-StackFrameAMD64* StackwalkerAMD64::GetCallerByCFIFrameInfo(
- const vector<StackFrame*> &frames,
- CFIFrameInfo* cfi_frame_info) {
- StackFrameAMD64* last_frame = static_cast<StackFrameAMD64*>(frames.back());
-
- scoped_ptr<StackFrameAMD64> frame(new StackFrameAMD64());
- if (!cfi_walker_
- .FindCallerRegisters(*memory_, *cfi_frame_info,
- last_frame->context, last_frame->context_validity,
- &frame->context, &frame->context_validity))
- return NULL;
-
- // Make sure we recovered all the essentials.
- static const int essentials = (StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RIP
- | StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RSP);
- if ((frame->context_validity & essentials) != essentials)
- return NULL;
-
- frame->trust = StackFrame::FRAME_TRUST_CFI;
- return frame.release();
-}
-
-bool StackwalkerAMD64::IsEndOfStack(uint64_t caller_rip, uint64_t caller_rsp,
- uint64_t callee_rsp) {
- // Treat an instruction address of 0 as end-of-stack.
- if (caller_rip == 0) {
- return true;
- }
-
- // If the new stack pointer is at a lower address than the old, then
- // that's clearly incorrect. Treat this as end-of-stack to enforce
- // progress and avoid infinite loops.
- if (caller_rsp < callee_rsp) {
- return true;
- }
-
- return false;
-}
-
-// Returns true if `ptr` is not in x86-64 canonical form.
-// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64#Virtual_address_space_details
-static bool is_non_canonical(uint64_t ptr) {
- return ptr > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFF && ptr < 0xFFFF800000000000;
-}
-
-StackFrameAMD64* StackwalkerAMD64::GetCallerByFramePointerRecovery(
- const vector<StackFrame*>& frames) {
- StackFrameAMD64* last_frame = static_cast<StackFrameAMD64*>(frames.back());
- uint64_t last_rsp = last_frame->context.rsp;
- uint64_t last_rbp = last_frame->context.rbp;
-
- // Assume the presence of a frame pointer. This is not mandated by the
- // AMD64 ABI, c.f. section 3.2.2 footnote 7, though it is typical for
- // compilers to still preserve the frame pointer and not treat %rbp as a
- // general purpose register.
- //
- // With this assumption, the CALL instruction pushes the return address
- // onto the stack and sets %rip to the procedure to enter. The procedure
- // then establishes the stack frame with a prologue that PUSHes the current
- // %rbp onto the stack, MOVes the current %rsp to %rbp, and then allocates
- // space for any local variables. Using this procedure linking information,
- // it is possible to locate frame information for the callee:
- //
- // %caller_rsp = *(%callee_rbp + 16)
- // %caller_rip = *(%callee_rbp + 8)
- // %caller_rbp = *(%callee_rbp)
-
- // If rbp is not 8-byte aligned it can't be a frame pointer.
- if (last_rbp % 8 != 0) {
- return NULL;
- }
-
- uint64_t caller_rip, caller_rbp;
- if (memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(last_rbp + 8, &caller_rip) &&
- memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(last_rbp, &caller_rbp)) {
- uint64_t caller_rsp = last_rbp + 16;
-
- // If the recovered rip is not a canonical address it can't be
- // the return address, so rbp must not have been a frame pointer.
- if (is_non_canonical(caller_rip)) {
- return NULL;
- }
-
- // Simple sanity check that the stack is growing downwards as expected.
- if (IsEndOfStack(caller_rip, caller_rsp, last_rsp) ||
- caller_rbp < last_rbp) {
- // Reached end-of-stack or stack is not growing downwards.
- return NULL;
- }
-
- StackFrameAMD64* frame = new StackFrameAMD64();
- frame->trust = StackFrame::FRAME_TRUST_FP;
- frame->context = last_frame->context;
- frame->context.rip = caller_rip;
- frame->context.rsp = caller_rsp;
- frame->context.rbp = caller_rbp;
- frame->context_validity = StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RIP |
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RSP |
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RBP;
- return frame;
- }
-
- return NULL;
-}
-
-StackFrameAMD64* StackwalkerAMD64::GetCallerByStackScan(
- const vector<StackFrame*> &frames) {
- StackFrameAMD64* last_frame = static_cast<StackFrameAMD64*>(frames.back());
- uint64_t last_rsp = last_frame->context.rsp;
- uint64_t caller_rip_address, caller_rip;
-
- if (!ScanForReturnAddress(last_rsp, &caller_rip_address, &caller_rip,
- frames.size() == 1 /* is_context_frame */)) {
- // No plausible return address was found.
- return NULL;
- }
-
- // Create a new stack frame (ownership will be transferred to the caller)
- // and fill it in.
- StackFrameAMD64* frame = new StackFrameAMD64();
-
- frame->trust = StackFrame::FRAME_TRUST_SCAN;
- frame->context = last_frame->context;
- frame->context.rip = caller_rip;
- // The caller's %rsp is directly underneath the return address pushed by
- // the call.
- frame->context.rsp = caller_rip_address + 8;
- frame->context_validity = StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RIP |
- StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RSP;
-
- // Other unwinders give up if they don't have an %rbp value, so see if we
- // can pass some plausible value on.
- if (last_frame->context_validity & StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RBP) {
- // Functions typically push their caller's %rbp immediately upon entry,
- // and then set %rbp to point to that. So if the callee's %rbp is
- // pointing to the first word below the alleged return address, presume
- // that the caller's %rbp is saved there.
- if (caller_rip_address - 8 == last_frame->context.rbp) {
- uint64_t caller_rbp = 0;
- if (memory_->GetMemoryAtAddress(last_frame->context.rbp, &caller_rbp) &&
- caller_rbp > caller_rip_address) {
- frame->context.rbp = caller_rbp;
- frame->context_validity |= StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RBP;
- }
- } else if (last_frame->context.rbp >= caller_rip_address + 8) {
- // If the callee's %rbp is plausible as a value for the caller's
- // %rbp, presume that the callee left it unchanged.
- frame->context.rbp = last_frame->context.rbp;
- frame->context_validity |= StackFrameAMD64::CONTEXT_VALID_RBP;
- }
- }
-
- return frame;
-}
-
-StackFrame* StackwalkerAMD64::GetCallerFrame(const CallStack* stack,
- bool stack_scan_allowed) {
- if (!memory_ || !stack) {
- BPLOG(ERROR) << "Can't get caller frame without memory or stack";
- return NULL;
- }
-
- const vector<StackFrame*> &frames = *stack->frames();
- StackFrameAMD64* last_frame = static_cast<StackFrameAMD64*>(frames.back());
- scoped_ptr<StackFrameAMD64> new_frame;
-
- // If we have DWARF CFI information, use it.
- scoped_ptr<CFIFrameInfo> cfi_frame_info(
- frame_symbolizer_->FindCFIFrameInfo(last_frame));
- if (cfi_frame_info.get())
- new_frame.reset(GetCallerByCFIFrameInfo(frames, cfi_frame_info.get()));
-
- // If CFI was not available or failed, try using frame pointer recovery.
- if (!new_frame.get()) {
- new_frame.reset(GetCallerByFramePointerRecovery(frames));
- }
-
- // If all else fails, fall back to stack scanning.
- if (stack_scan_allowed && !new_frame.get()) {
- new_frame.reset(GetCallerByStackScan(frames));
- }
-
- // If nothing worked, tell the caller.
- if (!new_frame.get())
- return NULL;
-
- if (system_info_->os_short == "nacl") {
- // Apply constraints from Native Client's x86-64 sandbox. These
- // registers have the 4GB-aligned sandbox base address (from r15)
- // added to them, and only the bottom 32 bits are relevant for
- // stack walking.
- new_frame->context.rip = static_cast<uint32_t>(new_frame->context.rip);
- new_frame->context.rsp = static_cast<uint32_t>(new_frame->context.rsp);
- new_frame->context.rbp = static_cast<uint32_t>(new_frame->context.rbp);
- }
-
- if (IsEndOfStack(new_frame->context.rip, new_frame->context.rsp,
- last_frame->context.rsp)) {
- // Reached end-of-stack.
- return NULL;
- }
-
- // new_frame->context.rip is the return address, which is the instruction
- // after the CALL that caused us to arrive at the callee. Set
- // new_frame->instruction to one less than that, so it points within the
- // CALL instruction. See StackFrame::instruction for details, and
- // StackFrameAMD64::ReturnAddress.
- new_frame->instruction = new_frame->context.rip - 1;
-
- return new_frame.release();
-}
-
-} // namespace google_breakpad