// // Copyright (c) 2015 The ANGLE Project Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be // found in the LICENSE file. // // DisplayWGL.h: WGL implementation of egl::Display #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/wgl/DisplayWGL.h" #include "common/debug.h" #include "libANGLE/Config.h" #include "libANGLE/Display.h" #include "libANGLE/Surface.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/RendererGL.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/renderergl_utils.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/wgl/DXGISwapChainWindowSurfaceWGL.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/wgl/FunctionsWGL.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/wgl/PbufferSurfaceWGL.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/wgl/WindowSurfaceWGL.h" #include "libANGLE/renderer/gl/wgl/wgl_utils.h" #include #include #include namespace rx { class FunctionsGLWindows : public FunctionsGL { public: FunctionsGLWindows(HMODULE openGLModule, PFNWGLGETPROCADDRESSPROC getProcAddressWGL) : mOpenGLModule(openGLModule), mGetProcAddressWGL(getProcAddressWGL) { ASSERT(mOpenGLModule); ASSERT(mGetProcAddressWGL); } ~FunctionsGLWindows() override {} private: void *loadProcAddress(const std::string &function) override { void *proc = reinterpret_cast(mGetProcAddressWGL(function.c_str())); if (!proc) { proc = reinterpret_cast(GetProcAddress(mOpenGLModule, function.c_str())); } return proc; } HMODULE mOpenGLModule; PFNWGLGETPROCADDRESSPROC mGetProcAddressWGL; }; DisplayWGL::DisplayWGL() : DisplayGL(), mOpenGLModule(nullptr), mFunctionsWGL(nullptr), mFunctionsGL(nullptr), mHasARBCreateContextRobustness(false), mWindowClass(0), mWindow(nullptr), mDeviceContext(nullptr), mPixelFormat(0), mWGLContext(nullptr), mUseDXGISwapChains(false), mDxgiModule(nullptr), mD3d11Module(nullptr), mD3D11DeviceHandle(nullptr), mD3D11Device(nullptr), mDisplay(nullptr) { } DisplayWGL::~DisplayWGL() { } egl::Error DisplayWGL::initialize(egl::Display *display) { mDisplay = display; mOpenGLModule = LoadLibraryA("opengl32.dll"); if (!mOpenGLModule) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to load OpenGL library."); } mFunctionsWGL = new FunctionsWGL(); mFunctionsWGL->initialize(mOpenGLModule, nullptr); // WGL can't grab extensions until it creates a context because it needs to load the driver's DLLs first. // Create a dummy context to load the driver and determine which GL versions are available. // Work around compile error from not defining "UNICODE" while Chromium does const LPSTR idcArrow = MAKEINTRESOURCEA(32512); std::string className = FormatString("ANGLE DisplayWGL 0x%0.8p Intermediate Window Class", mDisplay); WNDCLASSA intermediateClassDesc = { 0 }; intermediateClassDesc.style = CS_OWNDC; intermediateClassDesc.lpfnWndProc = DefWindowProc; intermediateClassDesc.cbClsExtra = 0; intermediateClassDesc.cbWndExtra = 0; intermediateClassDesc.hInstance = GetModuleHandle(nullptr); intermediateClassDesc.hIcon = nullptr; intermediateClassDesc.hCursor = LoadCursorA(nullptr, idcArrow); intermediateClassDesc.hbrBackground = 0; intermediateClassDesc.lpszMenuName = nullptr; intermediateClassDesc.lpszClassName = className.c_str(); mWindowClass = RegisterClassA(&intermediateClassDesc); if (!mWindowClass) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to register intermediate OpenGL window class."); } HWND dummyWindow = CreateWindowExA(0, reinterpret_cast(mWindowClass), "ANGLE Dummy Window", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr); if (!dummyWindow) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to create dummy OpenGL window."); } HDC dummyDeviceContext = GetDC(dummyWindow); if (!dummyDeviceContext) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to get the device context of the dummy OpenGL window."); } const PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pixelFormatDescriptor = wgl::GetDefaultPixelFormatDescriptor(); int dummyPixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(dummyDeviceContext, &pixelFormatDescriptor); if (dummyPixelFormat == 0) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Could not find a compatible pixel format for the dummy OpenGL window."); } if (!SetPixelFormat(dummyDeviceContext, dummyPixelFormat, &pixelFormatDescriptor)) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to set the pixel format on the intermediate OpenGL window."); } HGLRC dummyWGLContext = mFunctionsWGL->createContext(dummyDeviceContext); if (!dummyDeviceContext) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to create a WGL context for the dummy OpenGL window."); } if (!mFunctionsWGL->makeCurrent(dummyDeviceContext, dummyWGLContext)) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to make the dummy WGL context current."); } // Grab the GL version from this context and use it as the maximum version available. typedef const GLubyte* (GL_APIENTRYP PFNGLGETSTRINGPROC) (GLenum name); PFNGLGETSTRINGPROC getString = reinterpret_cast(GetProcAddress(mOpenGLModule, "glGetString")); if (!getString) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to get glGetString pointer."); } // Reinitialize the wgl functions to grab the extensions mFunctionsWGL->initialize(mOpenGLModule, dummyDeviceContext); mHasARBCreateContextRobustness = mFunctionsWGL->hasExtension("WGL_ARB_create_context_robustness"); // Destroy the dummy window and context mFunctionsWGL->makeCurrent(dummyDeviceContext, nullptr); mFunctionsWGL->deleteContext(dummyWGLContext); ReleaseDC(dummyWindow, dummyDeviceContext); DestroyWindow(dummyWindow); const egl::AttributeMap &displayAttributes = display->getAttributeMap(); EGLint requestedDisplayType = static_cast(displayAttributes.get( EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_ANGLE, EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_DEFAULT_ANGLE)); if (requestedDisplayType == EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_OPENGLES_ANGLE && !mFunctionsWGL->hasExtension("WGL_EXT_create_context_es2_profile") && !mFunctionsWGL->hasExtension("WGL_EXT_create_context_es_profile")) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Cannot create an OpenGL ES platform on Windows without " "the WGL_EXT_create_context_es(2)_profile extension."); } // Create the real intermediate context and windows mWindow = CreateWindowExA(0, reinterpret_cast(mWindowClass), "ANGLE Intermediate Window", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr); if (!mWindow) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to create intermediate OpenGL window."); } mDeviceContext = GetDC(mWindow); if (!mDeviceContext) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to get the device context of the intermediate OpenGL window."); } if (mFunctionsWGL->choosePixelFormatARB) { std::vector attribs = wgl::GetDefaultPixelFormatAttributes(false); UINT matchingFormats = 0; mFunctionsWGL->choosePixelFormatARB(mDeviceContext, &attribs[0], nullptr, 1u, &mPixelFormat, &matchingFormats); } if (mPixelFormat == 0) { mPixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(mDeviceContext, &pixelFormatDescriptor); } if (mPixelFormat == 0) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Could not find a compatible pixel format for the intermediate OpenGL window."); } if (!SetPixelFormat(mDeviceContext, mPixelFormat, &pixelFormatDescriptor)) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to set the pixel format on the intermediate OpenGL window."); } if (mFunctionsWGL->createContextAttribsARB) { int flags = 0; // TODO: allow debug contexts // TODO: handle robustness int mask = 0; if (requestedDisplayType == EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_OPENGLES_ANGLE) { mask |= WGL_CONTEXT_ES_PROFILE_BIT_EXT; } else { // Request core profile mask |= WGL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT_ARB; } std::vector contextCreationAttributes; if (mHasARBCreateContextRobustness) { contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_RESET_NOTIFICATION_STRATEGY_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_LOSE_CONTEXT_ON_RESET_ARB); } // Don't request a specific version unless the user wants one. WGL will return the highest version // that the driver supports if no version is requested. EGLint requestedMajorVersion = static_cast( displayAttributes.get(EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_MAX_VERSION_MAJOR_ANGLE, EGL_DONT_CARE)); EGLint requestedMinorVersion = static_cast( displayAttributes.get(EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_MAX_VERSION_MINOR_ANGLE, EGL_DONT_CARE)); if (requestedMajorVersion != EGL_DONT_CARE && requestedMinorVersion != EGL_DONT_CARE) { contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(requestedMajorVersion); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(requestedMinorVersion); } else { // the ES profile will give us ES version 1.1 unless a higher version is requested. // Requesting version 2.0 will give us the highest compatible version available (2.0, // 3.0, 3.1, etc). if (requestedDisplayType == EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_OPENGLES_ANGLE) { contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(2); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(0); } } // Set the flag attributes if (flags != 0) { contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(flags); } // Set the mask attribute if (mask != 0) { contextCreationAttributes.push_back(WGL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK_ARB); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(mask); } // Signal the end of the attributes contextCreationAttributes.push_back(0); contextCreationAttributes.push_back(0); mWGLContext = mFunctionsWGL->createContextAttribsARB(mDeviceContext, NULL, &contextCreationAttributes[0]); } // If wglCreateContextAttribsARB is unavailable or failed, try the standard wglCreateContext if (!mWGLContext) { // Don't have control over GL versions mWGLContext = mFunctionsWGL->createContext(mDeviceContext); } if (!mWGLContext) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to create a WGL context for the intermediate OpenGL window."); } if (!mFunctionsWGL->makeCurrent(mDeviceContext, mWGLContext)) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to make the intermediate WGL context current."); } mFunctionsGL = new FunctionsGLWindows(mOpenGLModule, mFunctionsWGL->getProcAddress); mFunctionsGL->initialize(); // Intel OpenGL ES drivers are not currently supported due to bugs in the driver and ANGLE VendorID vendor = GetVendorID(mFunctionsGL); if (requestedDisplayType == EGL_PLATFORM_ANGLE_TYPE_OPENGLES_ANGLE && vendor == VENDOR_ID_INTEL) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Intel OpenGL ES drivers are not supported."); } // Create DXGI swap chains for windows that come from other processes. Windows is unable to // SetPixelFormat on windows from other processes when a sandbox is enabled. HDC nativeDisplay = display->getNativeDisplayId(); HWND nativeWindow = WindowFromDC(nativeDisplay); if (nativeWindow != nullptr) { DWORD currentProcessId = GetCurrentProcessId(); DWORD windowProcessId; GetWindowThreadProcessId(nativeWindow, &windowProcessId); // AMD drivers advertise the WGL_NV_DX_interop and WGL_NV_DX_interop2 extensions but fail mUseDXGISwapChains = vendor != VENDOR_ID_AMD && (currentProcessId != windowProcessId); } else { mUseDXGISwapChains = false; } if (mUseDXGISwapChains) { egl::Error error = initializeD3DDevice(); if (error.isError()) { return error; } } return DisplayGL::initialize(display); } void DisplayWGL::terminate() { DisplayGL::terminate(); releaseD3DDevice(mD3D11DeviceHandle); mFunctionsWGL->makeCurrent(mDeviceContext, NULL); mFunctionsWGL->deleteContext(mWGLContext); mWGLContext = NULL; ReleaseDC(mWindow, mDeviceContext); mDeviceContext = NULL; DestroyWindow(mWindow); mWindow = NULL; UnregisterClassA(reinterpret_cast(mWindowClass), NULL); mWindowClass = NULL; SafeDelete(mFunctionsWGL); SafeDelete(mFunctionsGL); FreeLibrary(mOpenGLModule); mOpenGLModule = nullptr; SafeRelease(mD3D11Device); if (mDxgiModule) { FreeLibrary(mDxgiModule); mDxgiModule = nullptr; } if (mD3d11Module) { FreeLibrary(mD3d11Module); mD3d11Module = nullptr; } ASSERT(mRegisteredD3DDevices.empty()); } SurfaceImpl *DisplayWGL::createWindowSurface(const egl::SurfaceState &state, const egl::Config *configuration, EGLNativeWindowType window, const egl::AttributeMap &attribs) { EGLint orientation = static_cast(attribs.get(EGL_SURFACE_ORIENTATION_ANGLE, 0)); if (mUseDXGISwapChains) { return new DXGISwapChainWindowSurfaceWGL(state, getRenderer(), window, mD3D11Device, mD3D11DeviceHandle, mWGLContext, mDeviceContext, mFunctionsGL, mFunctionsWGL, orientation); } else { return new WindowSurfaceWGL(state, getRenderer(), window, mPixelFormat, mWGLContext, mFunctionsWGL, orientation); } } SurfaceImpl *DisplayWGL::createPbufferSurface(const egl::SurfaceState &state, const egl::Config *configuration, const egl::AttributeMap &attribs) { EGLint width = static_cast(attribs.get(EGL_WIDTH, 0)); EGLint height = static_cast(attribs.get(EGL_HEIGHT, 0)); bool largest = (attribs.get(EGL_LARGEST_PBUFFER, EGL_FALSE) == EGL_TRUE); EGLenum textureFormat = static_cast(attribs.get(EGL_TEXTURE_FORMAT, EGL_NO_TEXTURE)); EGLenum textureTarget = static_cast(attribs.get(EGL_TEXTURE_TARGET, EGL_NO_TEXTURE)); return new PbufferSurfaceWGL(state, getRenderer(), width, height, textureFormat, textureTarget, largest, mPixelFormat, mDeviceContext, mWGLContext, mFunctionsWGL); } SurfaceImpl *DisplayWGL::createPbufferFromClientBuffer(const egl::SurfaceState &state, const egl::Config *configuration, EGLClientBuffer shareHandle, const egl::AttributeMap &attribs) { UNIMPLEMENTED(); return nullptr; } SurfaceImpl *DisplayWGL::createPixmapSurface(const egl::SurfaceState &state, const egl::Config *configuration, NativePixmapType nativePixmap, const egl::AttributeMap &attribs) { UNIMPLEMENTED(); return nullptr; } egl::Error DisplayWGL::getDevice(DeviceImpl **device) { UNIMPLEMENTED(); return egl::Error(EGL_BAD_DISPLAY); } egl::ConfigSet DisplayWGL::generateConfigs() { egl::ConfigSet configs; int minSwapInterval = 1; int maxSwapInterval = 1; if (mFunctionsWGL->swapIntervalEXT) { // No defined maximum swap interval in WGL_EXT_swap_control, use a reasonable number minSwapInterval = 0; maxSwapInterval = 8; } const gl::Version &maxVersion = getMaxSupportedESVersion(); ASSERT(maxVersion >= gl::Version(2, 0)); bool supportsES3 = maxVersion >= gl::Version(3, 0); PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pixelFormatDescriptor; DescribePixelFormat(mDeviceContext, mPixelFormat, sizeof(pixelFormatDescriptor), &pixelFormatDescriptor); auto getAttrib = [this](int attrib) { return wgl::QueryWGLFormatAttrib(mDeviceContext, mPixelFormat, attrib, mFunctionsWGL); }; const EGLint optimalSurfaceOrientation = mUseDXGISwapChains ? EGL_SURFACE_ORIENTATION_INVERT_Y_ANGLE : 0; egl::Config config; config.renderTargetFormat = GL_RGBA8; // TODO: use the bit counts to determine the format config.depthStencilFormat = GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8; // TODO: use the bit counts to determine the format config.bufferSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cColorBits; config.redSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cRedBits; config.greenSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cGreenBits; config.blueSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cBlueBits; config.luminanceSize = 0; config.alphaSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cAlphaBits; config.alphaMaskSize = 0; config.bindToTextureRGB = (getAttrib(WGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGB_ARB) == TRUE); config.bindToTextureRGBA = (getAttrib(WGL_BIND_TO_TEXTURE_RGBA_ARB) == TRUE); config.colorBufferType = EGL_RGB_BUFFER; config.configCaveat = EGL_NONE; config.conformant = EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT | (supportsES3 ? EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT_KHR : 0); config.depthSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cDepthBits; config.level = 0; config.matchNativePixmap = EGL_NONE; config.maxPBufferWidth = getAttrib(WGL_MAX_PBUFFER_WIDTH_ARB); config.maxPBufferHeight = getAttrib(WGL_MAX_PBUFFER_HEIGHT_ARB); config.maxPBufferPixels = getAttrib(WGL_MAX_PBUFFER_PIXELS_ARB); config.maxSwapInterval = maxSwapInterval; config.minSwapInterval = minSwapInterval; config.nativeRenderable = EGL_TRUE; // Direct rendering config.nativeVisualID = 0; config.nativeVisualType = EGL_NONE; config.renderableType = EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT | (supportsES3 ? EGL_OPENGL_ES3_BIT_KHR : 0); config.sampleBuffers = 0; // FIXME: enumerate multi-sampling config.samples = 0; config.stencilSize = pixelFormatDescriptor.cStencilBits; config.surfaceType = ((pixelFormatDescriptor.dwFlags & PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW) ? EGL_WINDOW_BIT : 0) | ((getAttrib(WGL_DRAW_TO_PBUFFER_ARB) == TRUE) ? EGL_PBUFFER_BIT : 0) | ((getAttrib(WGL_SWAP_METHOD_ARB) == WGL_SWAP_COPY_ARB) ? EGL_SWAP_BEHAVIOR_PRESERVED_BIT : 0); config.optimalOrientation = optimalSurfaceOrientation; config.transparentType = EGL_NONE; config.transparentRedValue = 0; config.transparentGreenValue = 0; config.transparentBlueValue = 0; configs.add(config); return configs; } bool DisplayWGL::testDeviceLost() { if (mHasARBCreateContextRobustness) { return getRenderer()->getResetStatus() != GL_NO_ERROR; } return false; } egl::Error DisplayWGL::restoreLostDevice() { return egl::Error(EGL_BAD_DISPLAY); } bool DisplayWGL::isValidNativeWindow(EGLNativeWindowType window) const { return (IsWindow(window) == TRUE); } std::string DisplayWGL::getVendorString() const { //UNIMPLEMENTED(); return ""; } const FunctionsGL *DisplayWGL::getFunctionsGL() const { return mFunctionsGL; } egl::Error DisplayWGL::initializeD3DDevice() { if (mD3D11Device != nullptr) { return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } mDxgiModule = LoadLibrary(TEXT("dxgi.dll")); if (!mDxgiModule) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to load DXGI library."); } mD3d11Module = LoadLibrary(TEXT("d3d11.dll")); if (!mD3d11Module) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Failed to load d3d11 library."); } PFN_D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE d3d11CreateDevice = nullptr; d3d11CreateDevice = reinterpret_cast( GetProcAddress(mD3d11Module, "D3D11CreateDevice")); if (d3d11CreateDevice == nullptr) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Could not retrieve D3D11CreateDevice address."); } HRESULT result = d3d11CreateDevice(nullptr, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &mD3D11Device, nullptr, nullptr); if (FAILED(result)) { return egl::Error(EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED, "Could not create D3D11 device, error: 0x%X", result); } egl::Error error = registerD3DDevice(mD3D11Device, &mD3D11DeviceHandle); if (error.isError()) { return error; } return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } void DisplayWGL::generateExtensions(egl::DisplayExtensions *outExtensions) const { // Only enable the surface orientation and post sub buffer for DXGI swap chain surfaces, they // prefer to swap with inverted Y. outExtensions->postSubBuffer = mUseDXGISwapChains; outExtensions->surfaceOrientation = mUseDXGISwapChains; outExtensions->createContextRobustness = mHasARBCreateContextRobustness; } void DisplayWGL::generateCaps(egl::Caps *outCaps) const { outCaps->textureNPOT = true; } egl::Error DisplayWGL::waitClient() const { // Unimplemented as this is not needed for WGL return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } egl::Error DisplayWGL::waitNative(EGLint engine, egl::Surface *drawSurface, egl::Surface *readSurface) const { // Unimplemented as this is not needed for WGL return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } egl::Error DisplayWGL::getDriverVersion(std::string *version) const { *version = ""; return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } egl::Error DisplayWGL::registerD3DDevice(IUnknown *device, HANDLE *outHandle) { ASSERT(device != nullptr); ASSERT(outHandle != nullptr); auto iter = mRegisteredD3DDevices.find(device); if (iter != mRegisteredD3DDevices.end()) { iter->second.refCount++; *outHandle = iter->second.handle; return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } HANDLE handle = mFunctionsWGL->dxOpenDeviceNV(device); if (!handle) { return egl::Error(EGL_BAD_PARAMETER, "Failed to open D3D device."); } device->AddRef(); D3DObjectHandle newDeviceInfo; newDeviceInfo.handle = handle; newDeviceInfo.refCount = 1; mRegisteredD3DDevices[device] = newDeviceInfo; *outHandle = handle; return egl::Error(EGL_SUCCESS); } void DisplayWGL::releaseD3DDevice(HANDLE deviceHandle) { for (auto iter = mRegisteredD3DDevices.begin(); iter != mRegisteredD3DDevices.end(); iter++) { if (iter->second.handle == deviceHandle) { iter->second.refCount--; if (iter->second.refCount == 0) { mFunctionsWGL->dxCloseDeviceNV(iter->second.handle); iter->first->Release(); mRegisteredD3DDevices.erase(iter); break; } } } } }