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This version has feature parity with +`unittest.mock +<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_ +in Python 3.3. + +Full list of changes since 0.8: + +* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed +* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an + `AttributeError`) +* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open` +* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without + requiring a spec +* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties +* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison + methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented` +* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other + libraries +* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that + can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov +* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of + returned +* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments +* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start` +* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks +* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could + raise an exception +* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and + `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error +* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could + result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead +* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with + `spec_set=True` did not work correctly +* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored +* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a + non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable + + +2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1 +-------------------------------- + +* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start` +* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks +* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could + raise an exception + + +2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2 +-------------------------------- + +* `PropertyMock` attributes are now standard `MagicMocks` +* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that + can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov +* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of + returned +* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments + + +2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1 +-------------------------------- + +The standard library version! + +* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed +* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an + `AttributeError`) +* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open` +* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without + requiring a spec +* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties +* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison + methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented` +* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other + libraries +* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and + `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error +* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could + result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead +* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with + `spec_set=True` did not work correctly +* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored +* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a + non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable + + +2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0 +------------------------ + +The only changes since 0.8rc2 are: + +* Improved repr of :data:`sentinel` objects +* :data:`ANY` can be used for comparisons against :data:`call` objects +* The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` method can be set to + any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator + +Full List of changes since 0.7: + +mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4. + +* Addition of :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic + methods and chained calls) +* :func:`patch` and :func:`patch.object` now create a :class:`MagicMock` + instead of a :class:`Mock` by default +* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and + `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration +* New mock method :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` for setting attributes and + return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes +* New mock assert methods :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call` and + :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls` +* Implemented :ref:`auto-speccing` (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with + mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the `autospec` argument to + `patch` +* Added the :func:`create_autospec` function for manually creating + 'auto-specced' mocks +* :func:`patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using + keyword arguments +* Setting :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock + to return the next value from the iterable +* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to + pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be + called to replace the object being patched +* Addition of :class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks + without a `__call__` method +* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a + spec on an existing mock +* Protocol methods on :class:`MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created + lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is + a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` as it was previously +* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method +* Added :data:`ANY` for ignoring arguments in :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` + calls +* Addition of :data:`call` helper object +* Improved repr for mocks +* Improved repr for :attr:`Mock.call_args` and entries in + :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`, :attr:`Mock.method_calls` and + :attr:`Mock.mock_calls` +* Improved repr for :data:`sentinel` objects +* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time +* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically + created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as + well as all the mock methods and attributes. +* Module level :data:`FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters + private attributes. `True` by default. +* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when + used to decorate a class +* Support for using Java exceptions as a :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` on Jython +* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now + custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have + a nicer representation if you `str` or `print` them +* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls + recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is + already set on the child) +* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and + `assert_called_once_with` +* The return value of the :class:`MagicMock` `__iter__` method can be set to + any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator +* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by + :func:`mocksignature` +* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` & + `spec_set` arguments +* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error + message +* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse +* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave + patches in place +* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on + mocks in Python 3 +* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with + `self` as a keyword argument +* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a + boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created + mock (the "instance") +* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation +* Removal of deprecated `patch_object` +* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent` + (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes. +* Added license file to the distribution + + +2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2 +-------------------------------------------- + +* Removed the `configure` keyword argument to `create_autospec` and allow + arbitrary keyword arguments (for the `Mock` constructor) instead +* Fixed `ANY` equality with some types in `assert_called_with` calls +* Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with + `readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_) + + +2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1 +-------------------------------------------- + +* `create_autospec` on the return value of a mocked class will use `__call__` + for the signature rather than `__init__` +* Performance improvement instantiating `Mock` and `MagicMock` +* Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of + being hardcoded to `MagicMock` + +Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving +performance in this release. + + +2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4 +------------------------------- + +* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time +* When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded + in mock_calls +* Addition of `attach_mock` method +* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse +* BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock + return value to be itself etc) + + +2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3 +------------------------------- + +* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls + recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is + already set on the child) +* Addition of `mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a spec on an + existing mock +* Improved repr for `Mock.call_args` and entries in `Mock.call_args_list`, + `Mock.method_calls` and `Mock.mock_calls` +* Improved repr for mocks +* BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way `mock_calls` is worked out, + especially for "intermediate" mocks in a call chain + + +2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2 +------------------------------- + +* Setting `side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return + the next value from the iterable +* Added `assert_any_call` method +* Moved `assert_has_calls` from call lists onto mocks +* BUGFIX: `call_args` and all members of `call_args_list` are two tuples of + `(args, kwargs)` again instead of three tuples of `(name, args, kwargs)` + + +2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1 +------------------------------- + +* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when + used to decorate a class +* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now + custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have + an `assert_has_calls` method for unordered call checks +* `callargs` changed to *always* be a three-tuple of `(name, args, kwargs)` +* Addition of `mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic methods and + chained calls) +* Extension of `call` object to support chained calls and `callargs` for better + comparisons with or without names. `call` object has a `call_list` method for + chained calls +* Added the public `instance` argument to `create_autospec` +* Support for using Java exceptions as a `side_effect` on Jython +* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and + `assert_called_once_with` +* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` & + `spec_set` arguments +* BUGFIX: Fixed bug in `patch.multiple` for argument passing when creating + mocks +* Added license file to the distribution + + +2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2 +-------------------------------- + +* `patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword + arguments +* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to + pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be + called to replace the object being patched +* Addition of `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks without a + `__call__` method +* Mocks created by `patch` have a `MagicMock` as the `return_value` where a + class is being patched +* `create_autospec` can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects. + `return_value` mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has + a `__call__` method +* `autospec` creates a `MagicMock` without a spec for properties and slot + descriptors, because we don't know the type of object they return +* Removed the "inherit" argument from `create_autospec` +* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error + message +* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave + patches in place +* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on + mocks in Python 3 +* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with + `self` as a keyword argument +* BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that + isn't the first argument no longer broken +* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a + boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created + mock (the "instance") +* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation + + +2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1 +-------------------------------- + +mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4. + +* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and + `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration +* New mock method `configure_mock` for setting attributes and return values / + side effects on the mock and its attributes +* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically + created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as + well as all the mock methods and attributes. +* Module level `FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters + private attributes. `True` by default. Note that `vars(Mock())` can still be + used to get all instance attributes and `dir(type(Mock())` will still return + all the other attributes (irrespective of `FILTER_DIR`) +* `patch` and `patch.object` now create a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` by + default +* Added `ANY` for ignoring arguments in `assert_called_with` calls +* Addition of `call` helper object +* Protocol methods on `MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created lazily on + first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a + MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously +* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by + `mocksignature` +* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent` + (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes. +* Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked + signatures for functions/methods) + + Limitations: + + - Doesn't mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the + magic methods are *there*, they just don't have the signature mocked nor + are attributes followed) + - Doesn't mock function / method attributes + - Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so + properties etc may be triggered + - The return value of mocked classes (the 'instance') has the same call + signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec) + + You create auto-specced mocks by passing `autospec=True` to `patch`. + + Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a + spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is + typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other + type, and as we don't know what type that may be we allow all access. + + Note that the `autospec` option to `patch` obsoletes the `mocksignature` + option. + +* Added the `create_autospec` function for manually creating 'auto-specced' + mocks +* Removal of deprecated `patch_object` + + +2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2 +------------------------ + +* BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs +* BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the + default equality / inequality. This is done through a `side_effect` on + the mocks used for `__eq__` / `__ne__` + + +2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1 +------------------------ + +Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes. + +* Include template in package +* Use isolated binaries for the tox tests +* Unset executable bit on docs +* Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt + + +2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0 +------------------------ + +No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish +new `Sphinx theme <https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/>`_. + +The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are: + +* Python 3 compatibility +* Ability to mock magic methods with `Mock` and addition of `MagicMock` + with pre-created magic methods +* Addition of `mocksignature` and `mocksignature` argument to `patch` and + `patch.object` +* Addition of `patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test +* Ability to use `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` as class decorators +* Renamed ``patch_object`` to `patch.object` (``patch_object`` is + deprecated) +* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls` + now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args + or kwargs are skipped +* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop + methods +* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method +* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used + in the repr +* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec +* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO` +* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used, + attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an + `AttributeError` +* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__` + returns the type of the spec) +* Added docstrings to all objects +* Improved failure message for `Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock + has not been called at all +* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__` + preserved on Python 2.4. +* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that + proxy attribute access, like the django settings object +* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and + diagnosing this) +* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes +* BUGFIX: ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__`` + as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and + diagnosing this) +* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like + ``KeyboardInterrupt`` +* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own + return value +* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly +* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4 +* Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run +* Tested with `tox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox>`_ on Python 2.4 - 3.2, + jython and pypy (excluding 3.0) +* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute) + Thanks to Florian Bauer +* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control +* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer + + +2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1 +----------------------------- + +Changes since beta 4: + +* Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1 +* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__` + preserved on Python 2.4 +* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that + proxy attribute access, like the django settings object +* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own + return value + + +2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4 +------------------------------- + +* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop + methods +* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method +* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec +* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO` +* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used, + attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an + `AttributeError` +* Attributes and return value of a `MagicMock` are `MagicMock` objects +* Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an `AttributeError` +* `patch.dict` works as a class decorator +* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control +* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and + diagnosing this) +* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes +* BUGFIX: `mocksignature=True` can now patch instance methods via + `patch.object` + + +2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3 +------------------------------- + +* Using spec with :class:`MagicMock` only pre-creates magic methods in the spec +* Setting a magic method on a mock with a ``spec`` can only be done if the + spec has that method +* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used + in the repr +* `mocksignature` can now be used with classes (signature based on `__init__`) + and callable objects (signature based on `__call__`) +* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__` + returns the type of the spec) +* Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the + MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False) +* Improved failure message for :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock + has not been called at all +* Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods: + + - ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__`` + - pickle methods + - ``__trunc__``, ``__ceil__`` and ``__floor__`` + - ``__sizeof__`` + +* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute) + Thanks to Florian Bauer +* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4 +* Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7 +* Improved several docstrings and documentation + + +2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2 +------------------------------- + +* :func:`patch.dict` works as a context manager as well as a decorator +* ``patch.dict`` takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary + object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported +* BUGFIX: ``patch.dict`` restores dictionary even when an exception is raised + + +2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1 +------------------------------- + +* Addition of :func:`mocksignature` +* Ability to mock magic methods +* Ability to use ``patch`` and ``patch.object`` as class decorators +* Renamed ``patch_object`` to :func:`patch.object` (``patch_object`` is + deprecated) +* Addition of :class:`MagicMock` class with all magic methods pre-created for you +* Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 & 3.1 as + well) +* Addition of :func:`patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test +* Addition of ``mocksignature`` argument to ``patch`` and ``patch.object`` +* ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__`` + as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and + diagnosing this) +* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls` + now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args + or kwargs are skipped +* Added docstrings. +* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like + ``KeyboardInterrupt`` +* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly +* The tests now require `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ + to run +* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer + + +2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0 +------------------------ + +* New test layout compatible with test discovery +* Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and + restored correctly +* Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting ``side_effect`` to an + exception class or instance +* Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if + an explicit return_value is set + + +2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0 +------------------------ + +* Made DEFAULT part of the public api. +* Documentation built with Sphinx. +* ``side_effect`` is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and + if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the ``mock.return_value``. +* ``wraps`` keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object). +* ``Mock.reset`` renamed to ``Mock.reset_mock``, as reset is a common API name. +* ``patch`` / ``patch_object`` are now context managers and can be used with ``with``. +* A new 'create' keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch + (and unpatch) attributes that don't exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow + you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn't exist - use at + your own risk!) +* The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec + argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from. +* Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed + in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix. +* patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is + passed in as 'True' then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing + as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return + value for the mock will also use the class as a spec. +* A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes + (they will raise an ``AttributeError`` instead). + + +2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0 +------------------------ + +* Default return value is now a new mock rather than None +* return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor +* New method 'assert_called_with' +* Added 'side_effect' attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called +* patch decorator split into two decorators: + + - ``patch_object`` which takes an object and an attribute name to patch + (plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object) + - ``patch`` which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form + 'package.module.Class.attribute'. (plus optionally a value to + patch with which defaults to a mock object) + +* Can now patch objects with ``None`` +* Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions +* Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets + call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and + the return value if it is a mock). + +Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions. + + +2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1 +------------------------- + +``patch`` maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose +test autodiscovery. + +Tests decorated with ``patch`` that use the two argument form (implicit mock +creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments. + +Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes. + + +2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0 +------------------------- + +Removed ``patch_module``. ``patch`` can now take a string as the first +argument for patching modules. + +The third argument to ``patch`` is optional - a mock will be created by +default if it is not passed in. + + +2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1 +------------------------- + +Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with ``patch`` and ``patch_module``. + + +2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0 +------------------------- + +Added ``spec`` keyword argument for creating ``Mock`` objects from a +specification object. + +Added ``patch`` and ``patch_module`` monkey patching decorators. + +Added ``sentinel`` for convenient access to unique objects. + +Distribution includes unit tests. + + +2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0 +------------------------- + +Initial release. + + +TODO and Limitations +==================== + +Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed! + +Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker: + + * `mock issue tracker <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_ + +`wraps` is not integrated with magic methods. + +`patch` could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the +destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be +unsafe for IronPython & PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors). +Destructors aren't called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak +reference with a callback can be used to get round this. + +`Mock` has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects +that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods +that *hide* these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these +attributes are renamed to gain a `_mock` prefix, making it less likely that +they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven't been modified with +the prefix should be changed. + +If a patch is started using `patch.start` and then not stopped correctly then +the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to +detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This +would be tricky to get right though. + +When a `Mock` is created by `patch`, arbitrary keywords can be used to set +attributes. If `patch` is created with a `spec`, and is replacing a class, then +a `return_value` mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the +child mock, but could be. + +When mocking a class with `patch`, passing in `spec=True` or `autospec=True`, +the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the +default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec +from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword +argument (`inherit`) to the Mock constructor? `create_autospec` does this, so +an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary. + +The `mocksignature` argument to `patch` with a non `Mock` passed into +`new_callable` will *probably* cause an error. Should it just be invalid? + +Note that `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock` still have the unused +(and unusable) attributes: `return_value`, `side_effect`, `call_count`, +`call_args` and `call_args_list`. These could be removed or raise errors on +getting / setting. They also have the `assert_called_with` and +`assert_called_once_with` methods. Removing these would be pointless as +fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without +error. + +Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function +signatures was copied and modified from `mocksignature`. This could all be +refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if +patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a `patch.multiple` +call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should +be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a +module.) + +Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to `create_autospec`, or `patch` with +`autospec`, when mocking a *function* works fine. However, the arbitrary +attributes are set on the created mock - but `create_autospec` returns a +real function (which doesn't have those attributes). However, what is the use +case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don't exist +on the original? + +`mocksignature`, plus the `call_args_list` and `method_calls` attributes of +`Mock` could all be deprecated. diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41555308e --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt @@ -0,0 +1,628 @@ +========================= + Mock Library Comparison +========================= + + +.. testsetup:: + + def assertEqual(a, b): + assert a == b, ("%r != %r" % (a, b)) + + def assertRaises(Exc, func): + try: + func() + except Exc: + return + assert False, ("%s not raised" % Exc) + + sys.modules['somemodule'] = somemodule = mock.Mock(name='somemodule') + class SomeException(Exception): + some_method = method1 = method2 = None + some_other_object = SomeObject = SomeException + + +A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and +some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks. + +These are: + +* `flexmock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock>`_ +* `mox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox>`_ +* `Mocker <http://niemeyer.net/mocker>`_ +* `dingus <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus>`_ +* `fudge <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge>`_ + +Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include +`MiniMock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock>`_. + +`pMock <http://pmock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2004 and doesn't import +in recent versions of Python) and +`python-mock <http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2005) are +intentionally omitted. + +.. note:: + + A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock + examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this + comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt: + + * `Python Mock Library Comparison + <http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_ + +This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic +for all the libraries represented. *Please* contribute corrections, missing +comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the `mock issue +tracker <https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_. + +This comparison page was originally created by the `Mox project +<https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison>`_ and then extended for +`flexmock and mock <http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html>`_ by +Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by `Gary Bernhadt +<http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_. fudge examples +provided by `Kumar McMillan <http://farmdev.com/>`_. + +.. note:: + + The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking + *framework* rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally + exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make + harder. In particular you can take a `Mock` or `MagicMock` object and use + it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also + true for Dingus. + + The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0. + + +Simple fake object +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.Mock() + >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "calculated value" + >>> my_mock.some_attribute = "value" + >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_mock.some_method()) + >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_attribute) + +:: + + # Flexmock + mock = flexmock(some_method=lambda: "calculated value", some_attribute="value") + assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method()) + assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute) + + # Mox + mock = mox.MockAnything() + mock.some_method().AndReturn("calculated value") + mock.some_attribute = "value" + mox.Replay(mock) + assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method()) + assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute) + + # Mocker + mock = mocker.mock() + mock.some_method() + mocker.result("calculated value") + mocker.replay() + mock.some_attribute = "value" + assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method()) + assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute) + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_attribute="value", + ... some_method__returns="calculated value") + >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_dingus.some_method()) + >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_attribute) + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake() + ... .provides('some_method') + ... .returns("calculated value") + ... .has_attr(some_attribute="value")) + ... + >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_fake.some_method()) + >>> assertEqual("value", my_fake.some_attribute) + + +Simple mock +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.Mock() + >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "value" + >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_method()) + >>> my_mock.some_method.assert_called_once_with() + +:: + + # Flexmock + mock = flexmock() + mock.should_receive("some_method").and_return("value").once + assertEqual("value", mock.some_method()) + + # Mox + mock = mox.MockAnything() + mock.some_method().AndReturn("value") + mox.Replay(mock) + assertEqual("value", mock.some_method()) + mox.Verify(mock) + + # Mocker + mock = mocker.mock() + mock.some_method() + mocker.result("value") + mocker.replay() + assertEqual("value", mock.some_method()) + mocker.verify() + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_method__returns="value") + >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_method()) + >>> assert my_dingus.some_method.calls().once() + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> @fudge.test + ... def test(): + ... my_fake = (fudge.Fake() + ... .expects('some_method') + ... .returns("value") + ... .times_called(1)) + ... + >>> test() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called + + +Creating partial mocks +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> SomeObject.some_method = mock.Mock(return_value='value') + >>> assertEqual("value", SomeObject.some_method()) + +:: + + # Flexmock + flexmock(SomeObject).should_receive("some_method").and_return('value') + assertEqual("value", mock.some_method()) + + # Mox + mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject) + mock.some_method().AndReturn("value") + mox.Replay(mock) + assertEqual("value", mock.some_method()) + mox.Verify(mock) + + # Mocker + mock = mocker.mock(SomeObject) + mock.Get() + mocker.result("value") + mocker.replay() + assertEqual("value", mock.some_method()) + mocker.verify() + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> object = SomeObject + >>> object.some_method = dingus.Dingus(return_value="value") + >>> assertEqual("value", object.some_method()) + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> fake = fudge.Fake().is_callable().returns("<fudge-value>") + >>> with fudge.patched_context(SomeObject, 'some_method', fake): + ... s = SomeObject() + ... assertEqual("<fudge-value>", s.some_method()) + ... + + +Ensure calls are made in specific order +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.Mock(spec=SomeObject) + >>> my_mock.method1() + <Mock name='mock.method1()' id='...'> + >>> my_mock.method2() + <Mock name='mock.method2()' id='...'> + >>> assertEqual(my_mock.mock_calls, [call.method1(), call.method2()]) + +:: + + # Flexmock + mock = flexmock(SomeObject) + mock.should_receive('method1').once.ordered.and_return('first thing') + mock.should_receive('method2').once.ordered.and_return('second thing') + + # Mox + mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject) + mock.method1().AndReturn('first thing') + mock.method2().AndReturn('second thing') + mox.Replay(mock) + mox.Verify(mock) + + # Mocker + mock = mocker.mock() + with mocker.order(): + mock.method1() + mocker.result('first thing') + mock.method2() + mocker.result('second thing') + mocker.replay() + mocker.verify() + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus() + >>> my_dingus.method1() + <Dingus ...> + >>> my_dingus.method2() + <Dingus ...> + >>> assertEqual(['method1', 'method2'], [call.name for call in my_dingus.calls]) + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> @fudge.test + ... def test(): + ... my_fake = (fudge.Fake() + ... .remember_order() + ... .expects('method1') + ... .expects('method2')) + ... my_fake.method2() + ... my_fake.method1() + ... + >>> test() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected: #1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end + + +Raising exceptions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.Mock() + >>> my_mock.some_method.side_effect = SomeException("message") + >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_mock.some_method) + +:: + + # Flexmock + mock = flexmock() + mock.should_receive("some_method").and_raise(SomeException("message")) + assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method) + + # Mox + mock = mox.MockAnything() + mock.some_method().AndRaise(SomeException("message")) + mox.Replay(mock) + assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method) + mox.Verify(mock) + + # Mocker + mock = mocker.mock() + mock.some_method() + mocker.throw(SomeException("message")) + mocker.replay() + assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method) + mocker.verify() + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus() + >>> my_dingus.some_method = dingus.exception_raiser(SomeException) + >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_dingus.some_method) + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake() + ... .is_callable() + ... .raises(SomeException("message"))) + ... + >>> my_fake() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + SomeException: message + + +Override new instances of a class +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> with mock.patch('somemodule.Someclass') as MockClass: + ... MockClass.return_value = some_other_object + ... assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.Someclass()) + ... + + +:: + + # Flexmock + flexmock(some_module.SomeClass, new_instances=some_other_object) + assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass()) + + # Mox + # (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test) + mox.Mox().StubOutWithMock(some_module, 'SomeClass', use_mock_anything=True) + some_module.SomeClass().AndReturn(some_other_object) + mox.ReplayAll() + assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass()) + + # Mocker + instance = mocker.mock() + klass = mocker.replace(SomeClass, spec=None) + klass('expected', 'args') + mocker.result(instance) + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> MockClass = dingus.Dingus(return_value=some_other_object) + >>> with dingus.patch('somemodule.SomeClass', MockClass): + ... assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass()) + ... + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> @fudge.patch('somemodule.SomeClass') + ... def test(FakeClass): + ... FakeClass.is_callable().returns(some_other_object) + ... assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass()) + ... + >>> test() + + +Call the same method multiple times +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. note:: + + You don't need to do *any* configuration to call `mock.Mock()` methods + multiple times. Attributes like `call_count`, `call_args_list` and + `method_calls` provide various different ways of making assertions about + how the mock was used. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.Mock() + >>> my_mock.some_method() + <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'> + >>> my_mock.some_method() + <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'> + >>> assert my_mock.some_method.call_count >= 2 + +:: + + # Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice) + flexmock(some_object).should_receive('some_method').at_least.twice + + # Mox + # (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call) + mock = mox.MockObject(some_object) + mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg()) + mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg()) + mox.Replay(mock) + mox.Verify(mock) + + # Mocker + # (TODO) + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus() + >>> my_dingus.some_method() + <Dingus ...> + >>> my_dingus.some_method() + <Dingus ...> + >>> assert len(my_dingus.calls('some_method')) == 2 + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> @fudge.test + ... def test(): + ... my_fake = fudge.Fake().expects('some_method').times_called(2) + ... my_fake.some_method() + ... + >>> test() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2. + + +Mock chained methods +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.Mock() + >>> method3 = my_mock.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3 + >>> method3.return_value = 'some value' + >>> assertEqual('some value', my_mock.method1().method2().method3(1, 2)) + >>> method3.assert_called_once_with(1, 2) + +:: + + # Flexmock + # (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects + # and can be called with any arguments) + flexmock(some_object).should_receive( + 'method1.method2.method3' + ).with_args(arg1, arg2).and_return('some value') + assertEqual('some_value', some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2)) + +:: + + # Mox + mock = mox.MockObject(some_object) + mock2 = mox.MockAnything() + mock3 = mox.MockAnything() + mock.method1().AndReturn(mock1) + mock2.method2().AndReturn(mock2) + mock3.method3(arg1, arg2).AndReturn('some_value') + self.mox.ReplayAll() + assertEqual("some_value", some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2)) + self.mox.VerifyAll() + + # Mocker + # (TODO) + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus() + >>> method3 = my_dingus.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3 + >>> method3.return_value = 'some value' + >>> assertEqual('some value', my_dingus.method1().method2().method3(1, 2)) + >>> assert method3.calls('()', 1, 2).once() + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> @fudge.test + ... def test(): + ... my_fake = fudge.Fake() + ... (my_fake + ... .expects('method1') + ... .returns_fake() + ... .expects('method2') + ... .returns_fake() + ... .expects('method3') + ... .with_args(1, 2) + ... .returns('some value')) + ... assertEqual('some value', my_fake.method1().method2().method3(1, 2)) + ... + >>> test() + + +Mocking a context manager +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far): + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock() + >>> with my_mock: + ... pass + ... + >>> my_mock.__enter__.assert_called_with() + >>> my_mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None) + +:: + + + >>> # Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are "magic mocks") + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus() + >>> with my_dingus: + ... pass + ... + >>> assert my_dingus.__enter__.calls() + >>> assert my_dingus.__exit__.calls('()', None, None, None) + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> my_fake = fudge.Fake().provides('__enter__').provides('__exit__') + >>> with my_fake: + ... pass + ... + + +Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Example for mock only (so far): + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock() + >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', my_mock): + ... manager = my_mock.return_value.__enter__.return_value + ... manager.read.return_value = 'some data' + ... with open('foo') as h: + ... data = h.read() + ... + >>> data + 'some data' + >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo') + +*or*: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> # mock + >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open') as my_mock: + ... my_mock.return_value.__enter__ = lambda s: s + ... my_mock.return_value.__exit__ = mock.Mock() + ... my_mock.return_value.read.return_value = 'some data' + ... with open('foo') as h: + ... data = h.read() + ... + >>> data + 'some data' + >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo') + +:: + + >>> # Dingus + >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus() + >>> with dingus.patch('__builtin__.open', my_dingus): + ... file_ = open.return_value.__enter__.return_value + ... file_.read.return_value = 'some data' + ... with open('foo') as h: + ... data = f.read() + ... + >>> data + 'some data' + >>> assert my_dingus.calls('()', 'foo').once() + +:: + + >>> # fudge + >>> from contextlib import contextmanager + >>> from StringIO import StringIO + >>> @contextmanager + ... def fake_file(filename): + ... yield StringIO('sekrets') + ... + >>> with fudge.patch('__builtin__.open') as fake_open: + ... fake_open.is_callable().calls(fake_file) + ... with open('/etc/password') as f: + ... data = f.read() + ... + fake:__builtin__.open + >>> data + 'sekrets'
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecb994b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@ +.. _further-examples: + +================== + Further Examples +================== + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +.. testsetup:: + + from datetime import date + + BackendProvider = Mock() + sys.modules['mymodule'] = mymodule = Mock(name='mymodule') + + def grob(val): + "First frob and then clear val" + mymodule.frob(val) + val.clear() + + mymodule.frob = lambda val: val + mymodule.grob = grob + mymodule.date = date + + class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase): + def run(self): + result = unittest2.TestResult() + out = unittest2.TestCase.run(self, result) + assert result.wasSuccessful() + + from mock import inPy3k + + + +For comprehensive examples, see the unit tests included in the full source +distribution. + +Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in +the :ref:`getting started <getting-started>` guide. + + +Mocking chained calls +===================== + +Mocking chained calls is actually straightforward with mock once you +understand the :attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. When a mock is called for +the first time, or you fetch its `return_value` before it has been called, a +new `Mock` is created. + +This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked +object has been used by interrogating the `return_value` mock: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock().foo(a=2, b=3) + <Mock name='mock().foo()' id='...'> + >>> mock.return_value.foo.assert_called_with(a=2, b=3) + +From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about +chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more +testable way in the first place... + +So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Something(object): + ... def __init__(self): + ... self.backend = BackendProvider() + ... def method(self): + ... response = self.backend.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call() + ... # more code + +Assuming that `BackendProvider` is already well tested, how do we test +`method()`? Specifically, we want to test that the code section `# more +code` uses the response object in the correct way. + +As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch +the `backend` attribute on a `Something` instance. In this particular case +we are only interested in the return value from the final call to +`start_call` so we don't have much configuration to do. Let's assume the +object it returns is 'file-like', so we'll ensure that our response object +uses the builtin `file` as its `spec`. + +To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock +response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final +`start_call` we could do this: + + `mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response`. + +We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` +method to directly set the return value for us: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> something = Something() + >>> mock_response = Mock(spec=file) + >>> mock_backend = Mock() + >>> config = {'get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value': mock_response} + >>> mock_backend.configure_mock(**config) + +With these we monkey patch the "mock backend" in place and can make the real +call: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> something.backend = mock_backend + >>> something.method() + +Using :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` we can check the chained call with a single +assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be +several entries in `mock_calls`. We can use :meth:`call.call_list` to create +this list of calls for us: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> chained = call.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call() + >>> call_list = chained.call_list() + >>> assert mock_backend.mock_calls == call_list + + +Partial mocking +=============== + +In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to `datetime.date.today() +<http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today>`_ to return +a known date, but I didn't want to prevent the code under test from +creating new date objects. Unfortunately `datetime.date` is written in C, and +so I couldn't just monkey-patch out the static `date.today` method. + +I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date +class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real +class (and returning real instances). + +The :func:`patch decorator <patch>` is used here to +mock out the `date` class in the module under test. The :attr:`side_effect` +attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns +a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be +constructed and returned by `side_effect`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from datetime import date + >>> with patch('mymodule.date') as mock_date: + ... mock_date.today.return_value = date(2010, 10, 8) + ... mock_date.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: date(*args, **kw) + ... + ... assert mymodule.date.today() == date(2010, 10, 8) + ... assert mymodule.date(2009, 6, 8) == date(2009, 6, 8) + ... + +Note that we don't patch `datetime.date` globally, we patch `date` in the +module that *uses* it. See :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`. + +When `date.today()` is called a known date is returned, but calls to the +`date(...)` constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find +yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same +algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern. + +Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the `mock_date` attributes +(`call_count` and friends) which may also be useful for your tests. + +An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes, +is discussed in `this blog entry +<http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_. + + +Mocking a Generator Method +========================== + +A Python generator is a function or method that uses the `yield statement +<http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement>`_ to +return a series of values when iterated over [#]_. + +A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is +the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for +iteration is `__iter__ +<http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__>`_, so we can +mock this using a `MagicMock`. + +Here's an example class with an "iter" method implemented as a generator: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Foo(object): + ... def iter(self): + ... for i in [1, 2, 3]: + ... yield i + ... + >>> foo = Foo() + >>> list(foo.iter()) + [1, 2, 3] + + +How would we mock this class, and in particular its "iter" method? + +To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to +`list`), we need to configure the object returned by the call to `foo.iter()`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock_foo = MagicMock() + >>> mock_foo.iter.return_value = iter([1, 2, 3]) + >>> list(mock_foo.iter()) + [1, 2, 3] + +.. [#] There are also generator expressions and more `advanced uses + <http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html>`_ of generators, but we aren't + concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how + powerful they are is: `Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers + <http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/>`_. + + +Applying the same patch to every test method +============================================ + +If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way +is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary +repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use `patch` (in all its +various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test +methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start +with `test`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> @patch('mymodule.SomeClass') + ... class MyTest(TestCase): + ... + ... def test_one(self, MockSomeClass): + ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass) + ... + ... def test_two(self, MockSomeClass): + ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass) + ... + ... def not_a_test(self): + ... return 'something' + ... + >>> MyTest('test_one').test_one() + >>> MyTest('test_two').test_two() + >>> MyTest('test_two').not_a_test() + 'something' + +An alternative way of managing patches is to use the :ref:`start-and-stop`. +These allow you to move the patching into your `setUp` and `tearDown` methods. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(TestCase): + ... def setUp(self): + ... self.patcher = patch('mymodule.foo') + ... self.mock_foo = self.patcher.start() + ... + ... def test_foo(self): + ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo) + ... + ... def tearDown(self): + ... self.patcher.stop() + ... + >>> MyTest('test_foo').run() + +If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by +calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an +exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2 +<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this simpler: + + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(TestCase): + ... def setUp(self): + ... patcher = patch('mymodule.foo') + ... self.addCleanup(patcher.stop) + ... self.mock_foo = patcher.start() + ... + ... def test_foo(self): + ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo) + ... + >>> MyTest('test_foo').run() + + +Mocking Unbound Methods +======================= + +Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an *unbound method* (patching the +method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed +in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects +were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can't patch with a +mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn't +become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn't get +self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real +function instead. The :func:`patch` decorator makes it so simple to +patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a +nuisance. + +If you pass `autospec=True` to patch then it does the patching with a +*real* function object. This function object has the same signature as the one +it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your +mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is +that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked +function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance. +It will have `self` passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I +wanted: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Foo(object): + ... def foo(self): + ... pass + ... + >>> with patch.object(Foo, 'foo', autospec=True) as mock_foo: + ... mock_foo.return_value = 'foo' + ... foo = Foo() + ... foo.foo() + ... + 'foo' + >>> mock_foo.assert_called_once_with(foo) + +If we don't use `autospec=True` then the unbound method is patched out +with a Mock instance instead, and isn't called with `self`. + + +Checking multiple calls with mock +================================= + +mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.foo_bar.return_value = None + >>> mock.foo_bar('baz', spam='eggs') + >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_with('baz', spam='eggs') + +If your mock is only being called once you can use the +:meth:`assert_called_once_with` method that also asserts that the +:attr:`call_count` is one. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs') + >>> mock.foo_bar() + >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times. + +Both `assert_called_with` and `assert_called_once_with` make assertions about +the *most recent* call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and +you want to make assertions about *all* those calls you can use +:attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock(1, 2, 3) + >>> mock(4, 5, 6) + >>> mock() + >>> mock.call_args_list + [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()] + +The :data:`call` helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You +can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to `call_args_list`. This +looks remarkably similar to the repr of the `call_args_list`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()] + >>> mock.call_args_list == expected + True + + +Coping with mutable arguments +============================= + +Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with +mutable arguments. `call_args` and `call_args_list` store *references* to the +arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no +longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called. + +Here's some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions +defined in 'mymodule':: + + def frob(val): + pass + + def grob(val): + "First frob and then clear val" + frob(val) + val.clear() + +When we try to test that `grob` calls `frob` with the correct argument look +what happens: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob: + ... val = set([6]) + ... mymodule.grob(val) + ... + >>> val + set([]) + >>> mock_frob.assert_called_with(set([6])) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected: ((set([6]),), {}) + Called with: ((set([]),), {}) + +One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This +could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity +for equality. + +Here's one solution that uses the :attr:`side_effect` +functionality. If you provide a `side_effect` function for a mock then +`side_effect` will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an +opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this +example I'm using *another* mock to store the arguments so that I can use the +mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for +me. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from copy import deepcopy + >>> from mock import Mock, patch, DEFAULT + >>> def copy_call_args(mock): + ... new_mock = Mock() + ... def side_effect(*args, **kwargs): + ... args = deepcopy(args) + ... kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs) + ... new_mock(*args, **kwargs) + ... return DEFAULT + ... mock.side_effect = side_effect + ... return new_mock + ... + >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob: + ... new_mock = copy_call_args(mock_frob) + ... val = set([6]) + ... mymodule.grob(val) + ... + >>> new_mock.assert_called_with(set([6])) + >>> new_mock.call_args + call(set([6])) + +`copy_call_args` is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new +mock that we do the assertion on. The `side_effect` function makes a copy of +the args and calls our `new_mock` with the copy. + +.. note:: + + If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of + checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the + checking inside a `side_effect` function. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> def side_effect(arg): + ... assert arg == set([6]) + ... + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect) + >>> mock(set([6])) + >>> mock(set()) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError + +An alternative approach is to create a subclass of `Mock` or `MagicMock` that +copies (using `copy.deepcopy +<http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy>`_) the arguments. +Here's an example implementation: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from copy import deepcopy + >>> class CopyingMock(MagicMock): + ... def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): + ... args = deepcopy(args) + ... kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs) + ... return super(CopyingMock, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs) + ... + >>> c = CopyingMock(return_value=None) + >>> arg = set() + >>> c(arg) + >>> arg.add(1) + >>> c.assert_called_with(set()) + >>> c.assert_called_with(arg) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected call: mock(set([1])) + Actual call: mock(set([])) + >>> c.foo + <CopyingMock name='mock.foo' id='...'> + +When you subclass `Mock` or `MagicMock` all dynamically created attributes, +and the `return_value` will use your subclass automatically. That means all +children of a `CopyingMock` will also have the type `CopyingMock`. + + +Raising exceptions on attribute access +====================================== + +You can use :class:`PropertyMock` to mimic the behaviour of properties. This +includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed. + +Here's an example raising a `ValueError` when the 'foo' attribute is accessed: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock() + >>> p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError) + >>> type(m).foo = p + >>> m.foo + Traceback (most recent call last): + .... + ValueError + +Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock +class you're using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can +safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact) +to `type(mock)` without affecting other mock objects. + + +Multiple calls with different effects +===================================== + +.. note:: + + In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable `side_effect` was changed. Any + exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned. + +Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the +test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise +an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second +call (testing retry behaviour). + +One approach is to use a :attr:`side_effect` function that replaces itself. The +first time it is called the `side_effect` sets a new `side_effect` that will +be used for the second call. It then raises an exception: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def side_effect(*args): + ... def second_call(*args): + ... return 'response' + ... mock.side_effect = second_call + ... raise Exception('boom') + ... + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect) + >>> mock('first') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + Exception: boom + >>> mock('second') + 'response' + >>> mock.assert_called_with('second') + +Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the +return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> returns = [Exception('boom'), 'response'] + >>> def side_effect(*args): + ... result = returns.pop(0) + ... if isinstance(result, Exception): + ... raise result + ... return result + ... + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect) + >>> mock('first') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + Exception: boom + >>> mock('second') + 'response' + >>> mock.assert_called_with('second') + +Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually +a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable. + + +Nesting Patches +=============== + +Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you +can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the +right: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(TestCase): + ... + ... def test_foo(self): + ... with patch('mymodule.Foo') as mock_foo: + ... with patch('mymodule.Bar') as mock_bar: + ... with patch('mymodule.Spam') as mock_spam: + ... assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo + ... assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar + ... assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam + ... + >>> original = mymodule.Foo + >>> MyTest('test_foo').test_foo() + >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original + +With unittest2_ `cleanup` functions and the :ref:`start-and-stop` we can +achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper +method, `create_patch`, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock +for us: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(TestCase): + ... + ... def create_patch(self, name): + ... patcher = patch(name) + ... thing = patcher.start() + ... self.addCleanup(patcher.stop) + ... return thing + ... + ... def test_foo(self): + ... mock_foo = self.create_patch('mymodule.Foo') + ... mock_bar = self.create_patch('mymodule.Bar') + ... mock_spam = self.create_patch('mymodule.Spam') + ... + ... assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo + ... assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar + ... assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam + ... + >>> original = mymodule.Foo + >>> MyTest('test_foo').run() + >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original + + +Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock +=================================== + +You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all +access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary. + +We can do this with :class:`MagicMock`, which will behave like a dictionary, +and using :data:`~Mock.side_effect` to delegate dictionary access to a real +underlying dictionary that is under our control. + +When the `__getitem__` and `__setitem__` methods of our `MagicMock` are called +(normal dictionary access) then `side_effect` is called with the key (and in +the case of `__setitem__` the value too). We can also control what is returned. + +After the `MagicMock` has been used we can use attributes like +:data:`~Mock.call_args_list` to assert about how the dictionary was used: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} + >>> def getitem(name): + ... return my_dict[name] + ... + >>> def setitem(name, val): + ... my_dict[name] = val + ... + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem + >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem + +.. note:: + + An alternative to using `MagicMock` is to use `Mock` and *only* provide + the magic methods you specifically want: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__setitem__ = Mock(side_effect=getitem) + >>> mock.__getitem__ = Mock(side_effect=setitem) + + A *third* option is to use `MagicMock` but passing in `dict` as the `spec` + (or `spec_set`) argument so that the `MagicMock` created only has + dictionary magic methods available: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock(spec_set=dict) + >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem + >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem + +With these side effect functions in place, the `mock` will behave like a normal +dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a `KeyError` if you try +to access a key that doesn't exist. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock['a'] + 1 + >>> mock['c'] + 3 + >>> mock['d'] + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError: 'd' + >>> mock['b'] = 'fish' + >>> mock['d'] = 'eggs' + >>> mock['b'] + 'fish' + >>> mock['d'] + 'eggs' + +After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal +mock methods and attributes: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock.__getitem__.call_args_list + [call('a'), call('c'), call('d'), call('b'), call('d')] + >>> mock.__setitem__.call_args_list + [call('b', 'fish'), call('d', 'eggs')] + >>> my_dict + {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 'fish', 'd': 'eggs'} + + +Mock subclasses and their attributes +==================================== + +There are various reasons why you might want to subclass `Mock`. One reason +might be to add helper methods. Here's a silly example: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyMock(MagicMock): + ... def has_been_called(self): + ... return self.called + ... + >>> mymock = MyMock(return_value=None) + >>> mymock + <MyMock id='...'> + >>> mymock.has_been_called() + False + >>> mymock() + >>> mymock.has_been_called() + True + +The standard behaviour for `Mock` instances is that attributes and the return +value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures +that `Mock` attributes are `Mocks` and `MagicMock` attributes are `MagicMocks` +[#]_. So if you're subclassing to add helper methods then they'll also be +available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your +subclass. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mymock.foo + <MyMock name='mock.foo' id='...'> + >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called() + False + >>> mymock.foo() + <MyMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'> + >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called() + True + +Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, `one user +<https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105>`_ is subclassing mock to +created a `Twisted adaptor +<http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_. +Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors. + +`Mock` (in all its flavours) uses a method called `_get_child_mock` to create +these "sub-mocks" for attributes and return values. You can prevent your +subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is +that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (`**kwargs`) which are then passed +onto the mock constructor: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Subclass(MagicMock): + ... def _get_child_mock(self, **kwargs): + ... return MagicMock(**kwargs) + ... + >>> mymock = Subclass() + >>> mymock.foo + <MagicMock name='mock.foo' id='...'> + >>> assert isinstance(mymock, Subclass) + >>> assert not isinstance(mymock.foo, Subclass) + >>> assert not isinstance(mymock(), Subclass) + +.. [#] An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the + callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn't have callable + methods. + + +Mocking imports with patch.dict +=============================== + +One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside +a function. These are harder to mock because they aren't using an object from +the module namespace that we can patch out. + +Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent +circular dependencies, for which there is *usually* a much better way to solve +the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent "up front costs" by delaying the +import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local +import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import +on first use). + +That aside there is a way to use `mock` to affect the results of an import. +Importing fetches an *object* from the `sys.modules` dictionary. Note that it +fetches an *object*, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the +first time results in a module object being put in `sys.modules`, so usually +when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case +however. + +This means you can use :func:`patch.dict` to *temporarily* put a mock in place +in `sys.modules`. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock. +When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement +body is complete or `patcher.stop()` is called) then whatever was there +previously will be restored safely. + +Here's an example that mocks out the 'fooble' module. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}): + ... import fooble + ... fooble.blob() + ... + <Mock name='mock.blob()' id='...'> + >>> assert 'fooble' not in sys.modules + >>> mock.blob.assert_called_once_with() + +As you can see the `import fooble` succeeds, but on exit there is no 'fooble' +left in `sys.modules`. + +This also works for the `from module import name` form: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}): + ... from fooble import blob + ... blob.blip() + ... + <Mock name='mock.blob.blip()' id='...'> + >>> mock.blob.blip.assert_called_once_with() + +With slightly more work you can also mock package imports: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> modules = {'package': mock, 'package.module': mock.module} + >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', modules): + ... from package.module import fooble + ... fooble() + ... + <Mock name='mock.module.fooble()' id='...'> + >>> mock.module.fooble.assert_called_once_with() + + +Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions +======================================================== + +The :class:`Mock` class allows you to track the *order* of method calls on +your mock objects through the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` attribute. This +doesn't allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects, +however we can use :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` to achieve the same effect. + +Because mocks track calls to child mocks in `mock_calls`, and accessing an +arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate +mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded, +in order, in the `mock_calls` of the parent: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> manager = Mock() + >>> mock_foo = manager.foo + >>> mock_bar = manager.bar + + >>> mock_foo.something() + <Mock name='mock.foo.something()' id='...'> + >>> mock_bar.other.thing() + <Mock name='mock.bar.other.thing()' id='...'> + + >>> manager.mock_calls + [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()] + +We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with +the `mock_calls` attribute on the manager mock: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> expected_calls = [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()] + >>> manager.mock_calls == expected_calls + True + +If `patch` is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach +them to a manager mock using the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method. After +attaching calls will be recorded in `mock_calls` of the manager. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> manager = MagicMock() + >>> with patch('mymodule.Class1') as MockClass1: + ... with patch('mymodule.Class2') as MockClass2: + ... manager.attach_mock(MockClass1, 'MockClass1') + ... manager.attach_mock(MockClass2, 'MockClass2') + ... MockClass1().foo() + ... MockClass2().bar() + ... + <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass1().foo()' id='...'> + <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass2().bar()' id='...'> + >>> manager.mock_calls + [call.MockClass1(), + call.MockClass1().foo(), + call.MockClass2(), + call.MockClass2().bar()] + +If many calls have been made, but you're only interested in a particular +sequence of them then an alternative is to use the +:meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls` method. This takes a list of calls (constructed +with the :data:`call` object). If that sequence of calls are in +:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` then the assert succeeds. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock() + >>> m().foo().bar().baz() + <MagicMock name='mock().foo().bar().baz()' id='...'> + >>> m.one().two().three() + <MagicMock name='mock.one().two().three()' id='...'> + >>> calls = call.one().two().three().call_list() + >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls) + +Even though the chained call `m.one().two().three()` aren't the only calls that +have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds. + +Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested +in asserting about *some* of those calls. You may not even care about the +order. In this case you can pass `any_order=True` to `assert_has_calls`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock() + >>> m(1), m.two(2, 3), m.seven(7), m.fifty('50') + (...) + >>> calls = [call.fifty('50'), call(1), call.seven(7)] + >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True) + + +More complex argument matching +============================== + +Using the same basic concept as `ANY` we can implement matchers to do more +complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks. + +Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default +compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user +defined classes). To use :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` we would need to pass +in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes +of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes +for us. + +You can see in this example how a 'standard' call to `assert_called_with` isn't +sufficient: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Foo(object): + ... def __init__(self, a, b): + ... self.a, self.b = a, b + ... + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock(Foo(1, 2)) + >>> mock.assert_called_with(Foo(1, 2)) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>) + Actual call: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>) + +A comparison function for our `Foo` class might look something like this: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def compare(self, other): + ... if not type(self) == type(other): + ... return False + ... if self.a != other.a: + ... return False + ... if self.b != other.b: + ... return False + ... return True + ... + +And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its +equality operation would look something like this: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Matcher(object): + ... def __init__(self, compare, some_obj): + ... self.compare = compare + ... self.some_obj = some_obj + ... def __eq__(self, other): + ... return self.compare(self.some_obj, other) + ... + +Putting all this together: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> match_foo = Matcher(compare, Foo(1, 2)) + >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_foo) + +The `Matcher` is instantiated with our compare function and the `Foo` object +we want to compare against. In `assert_called_with` the `Matcher` equality +method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with +against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then +`assert_called_with` passes, and if they don't an `AssertionError` is raised: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> match_wrong = Matcher(compare, Foo(3, 4)) + >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_wrong) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected: ((<Matcher object at 0x...>,), {}) + Called with: ((<Foo object at 0x...>,), {}) + +With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the +`AssertionError` directly and provide a more useful failure message. + +As of version 1.5, the Python testing library `PyHamcrest +<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest>`_ provides similar functionality, +that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher +(`hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality +<http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality>`_). + + +Less verbose configuration of mock objects +========================================== + +This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of `Mock`. +See the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` method. + + +Matching any argument in assertions +=================================== + +This example is now built in to mock. See :data:`ANY`. + + +Mocking Properties +================== + +This example is now built in to mock. See :class:`PropertyMock`. + + +Mocking open +============ + +This example is now built in to mock. See :func:`mock_open`. + + +Mocks without some attributes +============================= + +This example is now built in to mock. See :ref:`deleting-attributes`. diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b5d289eb --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +=========================== + Getting Started with Mock +=========================== + +.. _getting-started: + +.. index:: Getting Started + +.. testsetup:: + + class SomeClass(object): + static_method = None + class_method = None + attribute = None + + sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package') + sys.modules['package.module'] = module = package.module + sys.modules['module'] = package.module + + +Using Mock +========== + +Mock Patching Methods +--------------------- + +Common uses for :class:`Mock` objects include: + +* Patching methods +* Recording method calls on objects + +You might want to replace a method on an object to check that +it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> real = SomeClass() + >>> real.method = MagicMock(name='method') + >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value') + <MagicMock name='method()' id='...'> + +Once our mock has been used (`real.method` in this example) it has methods +and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used. + +.. note:: + + In most of these examples the :class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` classes + are interchangeable. As the `MagicMock` is the more capable class it makes + a sensible one to use by default. + +Once the mock has been called its :attr:`~Mock.called` attribute is set to +`True`. More importantly we can use the :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` or +:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` method to check that it was called with +the correct arguments. + +This example tests that calling `ProductionClass().method` results in a call to +the `something` method: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from mock import MagicMock + >>> class ProductionClass(object): + ... def method(self): + ... self.something(1, 2, 3) + ... def something(self, a, b, c): + ... pass + ... + >>> real = ProductionClass() + >>> real.something = MagicMock() + >>> real.method() + >>> real.something.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3) + + + +Mock for Method Calls on an Object +---------------------------------- + +In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it +was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a +method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used +in the correct way. + +The simple `ProductionClass` below has a `closer` method. If it is called with +an object then it calls `close` on it. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class ProductionClass(object): + ... def closer(self, something): + ... something.close() + ... + +So to test it we need to pass in an object with a `close` method and check +that it was called correctly. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> real = ProductionClass() + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> real.closer(mock) + >>> mock.close.assert_called_with() + +We don't have to do any work to provide the 'close' method on our mock. +Accessing close creates it. So, if 'close' hasn't already been called then +accessing it in the test will create it, but :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` +will raise a failure exception. + + +Mocking Classes +--------------- + +A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test. +When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances +are created by *calling the class*. This means you access the "mock instance" +by looking at the return value of the mocked class. + +In the example below we have a function `some_function` that instantiates `Foo` +and calls a method on it. The call to `patch` replaces the class `Foo` with a +mock. The `Foo` instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured +by modifying the mock :attr:`~Mock.return_value`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def some_function(): + ... instance = module.Foo() + ... return instance.method() + ... + >>> with patch('module.Foo') as mock: + ... instance = mock.return_value + ... instance.method.return_value = 'the result' + ... result = some_function() + ... assert result == 'the result' + + +Naming your mocks +----------------- + +It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of +the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The +name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock(name='foo') + >>> mock + <MagicMock name='foo' id='...'> + >>> mock.method + <MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'> + + +Tracking all Calls +------------------ + +Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The +:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attribute records all calls +to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> mock.method() + <MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'> + >>> mock.attribute.method(10, x=53) + <MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'> + >>> mock.mock_calls + [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)] + +If you make an assertion about `mock_calls` and any unexpected methods +have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well +as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking +that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls: + +You use the :data:`call` object to construct lists for comparing with +`mock_calls`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> expected = [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)] + >>> mock.mock_calls == expected + True + + +Setting Return Values and Attributes +------------------------------------ + +Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.return_value = 3 + >>> mock() + 3 + +Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.method.return_value = 3 + >>> mock.method() + 3 + +The return value can also be set in the constructor: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3) + >>> mock() + 3 + +If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.x = 3 + >>> mock.x + 3 + +Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example +`mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")`. If we wanted this call to +return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call. + +We can use :data:`call` to construct the set of calls in a "chained call" like +this for easy assertion afterwards: + + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> cursor = mock.connection.cursor.return_value + >>> cursor.execute.return_value = ['foo'] + >>> mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1") + ['foo'] + >>> expected = call.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1").call_list() + >>> mock.mock_calls + [call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')] + >>> mock.mock_calls == expected + True + +It is the call to `.call_list()` that turns our call object into a list of +calls representing the chained calls. + + + +Raising exceptions with mocks +----------------------------- + +A useful attribute is :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. If you set this to an +exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock +is called. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=Exception('Boom!')) + >>> mock() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + Exception: Boom! + + +Side effect functions and iterables +----------------------------------- + +`side_effect` can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for +`side_effect` as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several +times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set +`side_effect` to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value +from the iterable: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=[4, 5, 6]) + >>> mock() + 4 + >>> mock() + 5 + >>> mock() + 6 + + +For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values +depending on what the mock is called with, `side_effect` can be a function. +The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the +function returns is what the call returns: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> vals = {(1, 2): 1, (2, 3): 2} + >>> def side_effect(*args): + ... return vals[args] + ... + >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect) + >>> mock(1, 2) + 1 + >>> mock(2, 3) + 2 + + +Creating a Mock from an Existing Object +--------------------------------------- + +One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the +implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a +class that implements `some_method`. In a test for another class, you +provide a mock of this object that *also* provides `some_method`. If later +you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has `some_method` - then +your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken! + +`Mock` allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock, +using the `spec` keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the +mock that don't exist on your specification object will immediately raise an +attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then +tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to +instantiate the class in those tests. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass) + >>> mock.old_method() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AttributeError: object has no attribute 'old_method' + +If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting +of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use +`spec_set` instead of `spec`. + + + +Patch Decorators +================ + +.. note:: + + With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they + are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide + read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`. + + +A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute, +for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it +is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on +them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other +tests and cause hard to diagnose problems. + +mock provides three convenient decorators for this: `patch`, `patch.object` and +`patch.dict`. `patch` takes a single string, of the form +`package.module.Class.attribute` to specify the attribute you are patching. It +also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or +whatever) to be replaced with. 'patch.object' takes an object and the name of +the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it +with. + +`patch.object`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> original = SomeClass.attribute + >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute) + ... def test(): + ... assert SomeClass.attribute == sentinel.attribute + ... + >>> test() + >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original + + >>> @patch('package.module.attribute', sentinel.attribute) + ... def test(): + ... from package.module import attribute + ... assert attribute is sentinel.attribute + ... + >>> test() + +If you are patching a module (including `__builtin__`) then use `patch` +instead of `patch.object`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock(return_value = sentinel.file_handle) + >>> with patch('__builtin__.open', mock): + ... handle = open('filename', 'r') + ... + >>> mock.assert_called_with('filename', 'r') + >>> assert handle == sentinel.file_handle, "incorrect file handle returned" + +The module name can be 'dotted', in the form `package.module` if needed: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> @patch('package.module.ClassName.attribute', sentinel.attribute) + ... def test(): + ... from package.module import ClassName + ... assert ClassName.attribute == sentinel.attribute + ... + >>> test() + +A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase): + ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute) + ... def test_something(self): + ... self.assertEqual(SomeClass.attribute, sentinel.attribute) + ... + >>> original = SomeClass.attribute + >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something() + >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original + +If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use `patch` with only one argument +(or `patch.object` with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and +passed into the test function / method: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase): + ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method') + ... def test_something(self, mock_method): + ... SomeClass.static_method() + ... mock_method.assert_called_with() + ... + >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something() + +You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase): + ... @patch('package.module.ClassName1') + ... @patch('package.module.ClassName2') + ... def test_something(self, MockClass2, MockClass1): + ... self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1) + ... self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2) + ... + >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something() + +When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated +function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that +decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example +above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first. + +There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just +during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test +ends: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> foo = {'key': 'value'} + >>> original = foo.copy() + >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True): + ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'} + ... + >>> assert foo == original + +`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can all be used as context managers. + +Where you use `patch` to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the +mock using the "as" form of the with statement: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class ProductionClass(object): + ... def method(self): + ... pass + ... + >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method: + ... mock_method.return_value = None + ... real = ProductionClass() + ... real.method(1, 2, 3) + ... + >>> mock_method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3) + + +As an alternative `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can be used as +class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the +decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with "test". + +For some more advanced examples, see the :ref:`further-examples` page. diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e4a8daca --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt @@ -0,0 +1,411 @@ +==================================== + Mock - Mocking and Testing Library +==================================== + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +:Author: `Michael Foord + <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml>`_ +:Version: |release| +:Date: 2012/10/07 +:Homepage: `Mock Homepage`_ +:Download: `Mock on PyPI`_ +:Documentation: `PDF Documentation + <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_ +:License: `BSD License`_ +:Support: `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org) + <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_ +:Issue tracker: `Google code project + <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_ + +.. _Mock Homepage: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/ +.. _BSD License: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml + + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +.. module:: mock + :synopsis: Mock object and testing library. + +.. index:: introduction + +mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of +your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they +have been used. + +mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock +<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_ +in Python 3.3 onwards. + +mock provides a core :class:`Mock` class removing the need to create a host +of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make +assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were +called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in +the normal way. + +Additionally, mock provides a :func:`patch` decorator that handles patching +module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with +:const:`sentinel` for creating unique objects. See the `quick guide`_ for +some examples of how to use :class:`Mock`, :class:`MagicMock` and +:func:`patch`. + +Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with +`unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on +the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of `'record -> replay'` used by many +mocking frameworks. + +mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of +Jython and PyPy. + + +.. testsetup:: + + class ProductionClass(object): + def method(self, *args): + pass + + module = sys.modules['module'] = ProductionClass + ProductionClass.ClassName1 = ProductionClass + ProductionClass.ClassName2 = ProductionClass + + + +API Documentation +================= + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + + mock + patch + helpers + sentinel + magicmock + + +User Guide +========== + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + + getting-started + examples + compare + changelog + + +.. index:: installing + +Installing +========== + +The current version is |release|. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do +find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions +then please contact us. + +* `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock>`_ +* `mock documentation as PDF + <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_ +* `Google Code Home & Mercurial Repository <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_ + +.. index:: repository +.. index:: hg + +You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial +repository with the following command: + + ``hg clone https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/ mock`` + + +.. index:: pip +.. index:: easy_install +.. index:: setuptools + +If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with: + + | ``easy_install -U mock`` + | ``pip install -U mock`` + +Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after +unpacking run: + + ``python setup.py install`` + + +Quick Guide +=========== + +:class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` objects create all attributes and +methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You +can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are +available, and then make assertions about how they have been used: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from mock import MagicMock + >>> thing = ProductionClass() + >>> thing.method = MagicMock(return_value=3) + >>> thing.method(3, 4, 5, key='value') + 3 + >>> thing.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value') + +:attr:`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, including raising an +exception when a mock is called: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo')) + >>> mock() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError: 'foo' + + >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} + >>> def side_effect(arg): + ... return values[arg] + ... + >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect + >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c') + (1, 2, 3) + >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] + >>> mock(), mock(), mock() + (5, 4, 3) + +Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For +example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification +from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock +that don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`. + +The :func:`patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or +objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a +mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from mock import patch + >>> @patch('module.ClassName2') + ... @patch('module.ClassName1') + ... def test(MockClass1, MockClass2): + ... module.ClassName1() + ... module.ClassName2() + + ... assert MockClass1 is module.ClassName1 + ... assert MockClass2 is module.ClassName2 + ... assert MockClass1.called + ... assert MockClass2.called + ... + >>> test() + +.. note:: + + When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated + function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that + decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example + above the mock for `module.ClassName1` is passed in first. + + With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they + are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide + read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`. + +As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with +statement: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method', return_value=None) as mock_method: + ... thing = ProductionClass() + ... thing.method(1, 2, 3) + ... + >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3) + + +There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just +during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test +ends: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> foo = {'key': 'value'} + >>> original = foo.copy() + >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True): + ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'} + ... + >>> assert foo == original + +Mock supports the mocking of Python :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`. The +easiest way of using magic methods is with the :class:`MagicMock` class. It +allows you to do things like: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz' + >>> str(mock) + 'foobarbaz' + >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_with() + +Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods +and they will be called appropriately. The `MagicMock` class is just a Mock +variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the +useful ones anyway). + +The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock +class: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value='wheeeeee') + >>> str(mock) + 'wheeeeee' + +For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the +objects they are replacing, you can use :ref:`auto-speccing <auto-speccing>`. +Auto-speccing can be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the +:func:`create_autospec` function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that +have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and +any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call +signature as the real object. + +This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production +code if they are used incorrectly: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from mock import create_autospec + >>> def function(a, b, c): + ... pass + ... + >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy') + >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3) + 'fishy' + >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3) + >>> mock_function('wrong arguments') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given) + +`create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of +the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of +the `__call__` method. + + +.. index:: references +.. index:: articles + +References +========== + +Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock: + +* `Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests + <https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md>`_ +* `mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models + <https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django>`_ +* `PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock <https://blip.tv/file/4881513>`_ +* `Mock objects in Python + <http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/>`_ +* `Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing + <http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/>`_ +* `Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output + <http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/>`_ +* `Mocking Django <http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html>`_ +* `Mocking dates and other classes that can't be modified + <http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_ +* `Mock recipes <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html>`_ +* `Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module + <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html>`_ +* `Coverage and Mock (with django) + <http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/>`_ +* `Python Unit Testing with Mock <http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194>`_ +* `Getting started with Python Mock + <http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/>`_ +* `Smart Parameter Checks with mock + <http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/>`_ +* `Python mock testing techniques and tools + <http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html>`_ +* `How To Test Django Template Tags + <http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html>`_ +* `A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock + <http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html>`_ +* `Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine + <http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html>`_ + + +.. index:: tests +.. index:: unittest2 + +Tests +===== + +Mock uses `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ for its own +test suite. In order to run it, use the `unit2` script that comes with +`unittest2` module on a checkout of the source repository: + + `unit2 discover` + +If you have `setuptools <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute>`_ as well as +unittest2 you can run: + + ``python setup.py test`` + +On Python 3.2 you can use ``unittest`` module from the standard library. + + ``python3.2 -m unittest discover`` + +.. index:: Python 3 + +On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On +Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement +is invalid syntax on Python 2.4. + + +.. index:: older versions + +Older Versions +============== + +Documentation for older versions of mock: + +* `mock 0.8 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/>`_ +* `mock 0.7 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/>`_ +* `mock 0.6 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/>`_ + +Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at +`mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_. + + +Terminology +=========== + +Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms +like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings. + +In `classic mock terminology +<http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html>`_ +:class:`mock.Mock` is a `spy <http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html>`_ that +allows for *post-mortem* examination. This is what I call the "action -> +assertion" [#]_ pattern of testing. + +I'm not however a fan of this "statically typed mocking terminology" +promulgated by `Martin Fowler +<http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html>`_. It confuses usage +patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology +when discussing mocking. + +I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a +mock object and quacks like a mock object then it's fine to call it a mock, no +matter what the implementation looks like. + +This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where +different usage patterns will *require* different implementations. +`mock.Mock()` is capable of being used in most of the different roles +described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock +itself! + +How about a simpler definition: a "mock object" is an object used to replace a +real one in a system under test. + +.. [#] This pattern is called "AAA" by some members of the testing community; + "Arrange - Act - Assert". diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42b2ed9db --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ + +.. currentmodule:: mock + + +.. _magic-methods: + +Mocking Magic Methods +===================== + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +:class:`Mock` supports mocking `magic methods +<http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html>`_. This allows mock +objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python +protocols. + +Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [#]_, this +support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic +methods are supported. The supported list includes *almost* all of them. If +there are any missing that you need please let us know! + +You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function +or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it *must* take ``self`` as +the first argument [#]_. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def __str__(self): + ... return 'fooble' + ... + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__str__ = __str__ + >>> str(mock) + 'fooble' + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__str__ = Mock() + >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble' + >>> str(mock) + 'fooble' + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([])) + >>> list(mock) + [] + +One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a +`with` statement: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo') + >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False) + >>> with mock as m: + ... assert m == 'foo' + ... + >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with() + >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None) + +Calls to magic methods do not appear in :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, but they +are recorded in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`. + +.. note:: + + If you use the `spec` keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to + set a magic method that isn't in the spec will raise an `AttributeError`. + +The full list of supported magic methods is: + +* ``__hash__``, ``__sizeof__``, ``__repr__`` and ``__str__`` +* ``__dir__``, ``__format__`` and ``__subclasses__`` +* ``__floor__``, ``__trunc__`` and ``__ceil__`` +* Comparisons: ``__cmp__``, ``__lt__``, ``__gt__``, ``__le__``, ``__ge__``, + ``__eq__`` and ``__ne__`` +* Container methods: ``__getitem__``, ``__setitem__``, ``__delitem__``, + ``__contains__``, ``__len__``, ``__iter__``, ``__getslice__``, + ``__setslice__``, ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__`` +* Context manager: ``__enter__`` and ``__exit__`` +* Unary numeric methods: ``__neg__``, ``__pos__`` and ``__invert__`` +* The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants): + ``__add__``, ``__sub__``, ``__mul__``, ``__div__``, + ``__floordiv__``, ``__mod__``, ``__divmod__``, ``__lshift__``, + ``__rshift__``, ``__and__``, ``__xor__``, ``__or__``, and ``__pow__`` +* Numeric conversion methods: ``__complex__``, ``__int__``, ``__float__``, + ``__index__`` and ``__coerce__`` +* Descriptor methods: ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__`` +* Pickling: ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, + ``__getnewargs__``, ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__`` + + +The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don't exist in Python 3: + +* ``__unicode__``, ``__long__``, ``__oct__``, ``__hex__`` and ``__nonzero__`` +* ``__truediv__`` and ``__rtruediv__`` + +The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don't exist in Python 2: + +* ``__bool__`` and ``__next__`` + +The following methods exist but are *not* supported as they are either in use by +mock, can't be set dynamically, or can cause problems: + +* ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, ``__init__`` and ``__new__`` +* ``__prepare__``, ``__instancecheck__``, ``__subclasscheck__``, ``__del__`` + + + +Magic Mock +========== + +There are two `MagicMock` variants: `MagicMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`. + + +.. class:: MagicMock(*args, **kw) + + ``MagicMock`` is a subclass of :class:`Mock` with default implementations + of most of the magic methods. You can use ``MagicMock`` without having to + configure the magic methods yourself. + + The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for :class:`Mock`. + + If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic methods + that exist in the spec will be created. + + +.. class:: NonCallableMagicMock(*args, **kw) + + A non-callable version of `MagicMock`. + + The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for + :class:`MagicMock`, with the exception of `return_value` and + `side_effect` which have no meaning on a non-callable mock. + +The magic methods are setup with `MagicMock` objects, so you can configure them +and use them in the usual way: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> mock[3] = 'fish' + >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish') + >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result' + >>> mock[2] + 'result' + +By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a +specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so +that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren't interested +in the return value. You can still *set* the return value manually if you want +to change the default. + +Methods and their defaults: + +* ``__lt__``: NotImplemented +* ``__gt__``: NotImplemented +* ``__le__``: NotImplemented +* ``__ge__``: NotImplemented +* ``__int__`` : 1 +* ``__contains__`` : False +* ``__len__`` : 1 +* ``__iter__`` : iter([]) +* ``__exit__`` : False +* ``__complex__`` : 1j +* ``__float__`` : 1.0 +* ``__bool__`` : True +* ``__nonzero__`` : True +* ``__oct__`` : '1' +* ``__hex__`` : '0x1' +* ``__long__`` : long(1) +* ``__index__`` : 1 +* ``__hash__`` : default hash for the mock +* ``__str__`` : default str for the mock +* ``__unicode__`` : default unicode for the mock +* ``__sizeof__``: default sizeof for the mock + +For example: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> int(mock) + 1 + >>> len(mock) + 0 + >>> hex(mock) + '0x1' + >>> list(mock) + [] + >>> object() in mock + False + +The two equality method, `__eq__` and `__ne__`, are special (changed in +0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side +effect, unless you change their return value to return something else: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> MagicMock() == 3 + False + >>> MagicMock() != 3 + True + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True + >>> mock == 3 + True + +In `0.8` the `__iter__` also gained special handling implemented with a +side effect. The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` can be any iterable +object and isn't required to be an iterator: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c'] + >>> list(mock) + ['a', 'b', 'c'] + >>> list(mock) + ['a', 'b', 'c'] + +If the return value *is* an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume +it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c']) + >>> list(mock) + ['a', 'b', 'c'] + >>> list(mock) + [] + +``MagicMock`` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some +of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want. + +Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in ``MagicMock`` are: + +* ``__cmp__`` +* ``__getslice__`` and ``__setslice__`` +* ``__coerce__`` +* ``__subclasses__`` +* ``__dir__`` +* ``__format__`` +* ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__`` +* ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__`` +* ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, ``__getnewargs__``, + ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__`` +* ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__`` + + + +------------ + +.. [#] Magic methods *should* be looked up on the class rather than the + instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this + rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions + of Python. +.. [#] The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each ``Mock`` + instance is kept isolated from the others. diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58712b21a --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt @@ -0,0 +1,842 @@ +The Mock Class +============== + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +.. testsetup:: + + class SomeClass: + pass + + +`Mock` is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and +test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as +new mocks when you access them [#]_. Accessing the same attribute will always +return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make +assertions about what your code has done to them. + +:class:`MagicMock` is a subclass of `Mock` with all the magic methods +pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful +when you are mocking out objects that aren't callable: +:class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock` + +The :func:`patch` decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes +in a particular module with a `Mock` object. By default `patch` will create +a `MagicMock` for you. You can specify an alternative class of `Mock` using +the `new_callable` argument to `patch`. + + +.. index:: side_effect +.. index:: return_value +.. index:: wraps +.. index:: name +.. index:: spec + +.. class:: Mock(spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs) + + Create a new `Mock` object. `Mock` takes several optional arguments + that specify the behaviour of the Mock object: + + * `spec`: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a + class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If + you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on + the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods). + Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an `AttributeError`. + + If `spec` is an object (rather than a list of strings) then + :attr:`__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks + to pass `isinstance` tests. + + * `spec_set`: A stricter variant of `spec`. If used, attempting to *set* + or get an attribute on the mock that isn't on the object passed as + `spec_set` will raise an `AttributeError`. + + * `side_effect`: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See + the :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or + dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same + arguments as the mock, and unless it returns :data:`DEFAULT`, the return + value of this function is used as the return value. + + Alternatively `side_effect` can be an exception class or instance. In + this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called. + + If `side_effect` is an iterable then each call to the mock will return + the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable + are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned. + + A `side_effect` can be cleared by setting it to `None`. + + * `return_value`: The value returned when the mock is called. By default + this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the + :attr:`return_value` attribute. + + * `wraps`: Item for the mock object to wrap. If `wraps` is not None then + calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object + (returning the real result and ignoring `return_value`). Attribute access + on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding + attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute + that doesn't exist will raise an `AttributeError`). + + If the mock has an explicit `return_value` set then calls are not passed + to the wrapped object and the `return_value` is returned instead. + + * `name`: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the + mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child + mocks. + + Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be + used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the + :meth:`configure_mock` method for details. + + + .. method:: assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs) + + This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a + particular way: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.method(1, 2, 3, test='wow') + <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'> + >>> mock.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3, test='wow') + + + .. method:: assert_called_once_with(*args, **kwargs) + + Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified + arguments. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock('foo', bar='baz') + >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz') + >>> mock('foo', bar='baz') + >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times. + + + .. method:: assert_any_call(*args, **kwargs) + + assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments. + + The assert passes if the mock has *ever* been called, unlike + :meth:`assert_called_with` and :meth:`assert_called_once_with` that + only pass if the call is the most recent one. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock(1, 2, arg='thing') + >>> mock('some', 'thing', 'else') + >>> mock.assert_any_call(1, 2, arg='thing') + + + .. method:: assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=False) + + assert the mock has been called with the specified calls. + The `mock_calls` list is checked for the calls. + + If `any_order` is False (the default) then the calls must be + sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the + specified calls. + + If `any_order` is True then the calls can be in any order, but + they must all appear in :attr:`mock_calls`. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock(1) + >>> mock(2) + >>> mock(3) + >>> mock(4) + >>> calls = [call(2), call(3)] + >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls) + >>> calls = [call(4), call(2), call(3)] + >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True) + + + .. method:: reset_mock() + + The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock('hello') + >>> mock.called + True + >>> mock.reset_mock() + >>> mock.called + False + + This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that + reuse the same object. Note that `reset_mock` *doesn't* clear the + return value, :attr:`side_effect` or any child attributes you have + set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock + (if any) are reset as well. + + + .. method:: mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set=False) + + Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a + list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as + attributes from the mock. + + If `spec_set` is `True` then only attributes on the spec can be set. + + + .. method:: attach_mock(mock, attribute) + + Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and + parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the + :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` attributes of this one. + + + .. method:: configure_mock(**kwargs) + + Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments. + + Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child + mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the + method call: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError} + >>> mock.configure_mock(**attrs) + >>> mock.method() + 3 + >>> mock.other() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError + + The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError} + >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs) + >>> mock.some_attribute + 'eggs' + >>> mock.method() + 3 + >>> mock.other() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError + + `configure_mock` exists to make it easier to do configuration + after the mock has been created. + + + .. method:: __dir__() + + `Mock` objects limit the results of `dir(some_mock)` to useful results. + For mocks with a `spec` this includes all the permitted attributes + for the mock. + + See :data:`FILTER_DIR` for what this filtering does, and how to + switch it off. + + + .. method:: _get_child_mock(**kw) + + Create the child mocks for attributes and return value. + By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent. + Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way + child mocks are made. + + For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than + any custom subclass). + + + .. attribute:: called + + A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock.called + False + >>> mock() + >>> mock.called + True + + .. attribute:: call_count + + An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock.call_count + 0 + >>> mock() + >>> mock() + >>> mock.call_count + 2 + + + .. attribute:: return_value + + Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.return_value = 'fish' + >>> mock() + 'fish' + + The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in + the normal way: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.return_value.attribute = sentinel.Attribute + >>> mock.return_value() + <Mock name='mock()()' id='...'> + >>> mock.return_value.assert_called_with() + + `return_value` can also be set in the constructor: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3) + >>> mock.return_value + 3 + >>> mock() + 3 + + + .. attribute:: side_effect + + This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called, + or an exception (class or instance) to be raised. + + If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the + mock and unless the function returns the :data:`DEFAULT` singleton the + call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the + function returns :data:`DEFAULT` then the mock will return its normal + value (from the :attr:`return_value`. + + An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception + handling of an API): + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.side_effect = Exception('Boom!') + >>> mock() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + Exception: Boom! + + Using `side_effect` to return a sequence of values: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.side_effect = [3, 2, 1] + >>> mock(), mock(), mock() + (3, 2, 1) + + The `side_effect` function is called with the same arguments as the + mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword + arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for + the call. The exception is if `side_effect` returns :data:`DEFAULT`, + in which case the normal :attr:`return_value` is used. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3) + >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs): + ... return DEFAULT + ... + >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect + >>> mock() + 3 + + `side_effect` can be set in the constructor. Here's an example that + adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> side_effect = lambda value: value + 1 + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect) + >>> mock(3) + 4 + >>> mock(-8) + -7 + + Setting `side_effect` to `None` clears it: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> from mock import Mock + >>> m = Mock(side_effect=KeyError, return_value=3) + >>> m() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError + >>> m.side_effect = None + >>> m() + 3 + + + .. attribute:: call_args + + This is either `None` (if the mock hasn't been called), or the + arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the + form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock + was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any + keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary). + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> print mock.call_args + None + >>> mock() + >>> mock.call_args + call() + >>> mock.call_args == () + True + >>> mock(3, 4) + >>> mock.call_args + call(3, 4) + >>> mock.call_args == ((3, 4),) + True + >>> mock(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!') + >>> mock.call_args + call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!') + + `call_args`, along with members of the lists :attr:`call_args_list`, + :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects. + These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual + arguments and make more complex assertions. See + :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`. + + + .. attribute:: call_args_list + + This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence + (so the length of the list is the number of times it has been + called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The + :data:`call` object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of + calls to compare with `call_args_list`. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None) + >>> mock() + >>> mock(3, 4) + >>> mock(key='fish', next='w00t!') + >>> mock.call_args_list + [call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')] + >>> expected = [(), ((3, 4),), ({'key': 'fish', 'next': 'w00t!'},)] + >>> mock.call_args_list == expected + True + + Members of `call_args_list` are :data:`call` objects. These can be + unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See + :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`. + + + .. attribute:: method_calls + + As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to + methods and attributes, and *their* methods and attributes: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.method() + <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'> + >>> mock.property.method.attribute() + <Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'> + >>> mock.method_calls + [call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()] + + Members of `method_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be + unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See + :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`. + + + .. attribute:: mock_calls + + `mock_calls` records *all* calls to the mock object, its methods, magic + methods *and* return value mocks. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> result = mock(1, 2, 3) + >>> mock.first(a=3) + <MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'> + >>> mock.second() + <MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'> + >>> int(mock) + 1 + >>> result(1) + <MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'> + >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call.first(a=3), call.second(), + ... call.__int__(), call()(1)] + >>> mock.mock_calls == expected + True + + Members of `mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be + unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See + :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`. + + + .. attribute:: __class__ + + Normally the `__class__` attribute of an object will return its type. + For a mock object with a `spec` `__class__` returns the spec class + instead. This allows mock objects to pass `isinstance` tests for the + object they are replacing / masquerading as: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(spec=3) + >>> isinstance(mock, int) + True + + `__class__` is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an + `isinstance` check without forcing you to use a spec: + + .. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> mock.__class__ = dict + >>> isinstance(mock, dict) + True + +.. class:: NonCallableMock(spec=None, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs) + + A non-callable version of `Mock`. The constructor parameters have the same + meaning of `Mock`, with the exception of `return_value` and `side_effect` + which have no meaning on a non-callable mock. + +Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a `spec` or `spec_set` are able +to pass `isintance` tests: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass) + >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass) + True + >>> mock = Mock(spec_set=SomeClass()) + >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass) + True + +The `Mock` classes have support for mocking magic methods. See :ref:`magic +methods <magic-methods>` for the full details. + +The mock classes and the :func:`patch` decorators all take arbitrary keyword +arguments for configuration. For the `patch` decorators the keywords are +passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments +are for configuring attributes of the mock: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock(attribute=3, other='fish') + >>> m.attribute + 3 + >>> m.other + 'fish' + +The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way, +using dotted notation. As you can't use dotted names directly in a call you +have to create a dictionary and unpack it using `**`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError} + >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs) + >>> mock.some_attribute + 'eggs' + >>> mock.method() + 3 + >>> mock.other() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError + + +.. class:: PropertyMock(*args, **kwargs) + + A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class. + `PropertyMock` provides `__get__` and `__set__` methods so you can specify + a return value when it is fetched. + + Fetching a `PropertyMock` instance from an object calls the mock, with + no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> class Foo(object): + ... @property + ... def foo(self): + ... return 'something' + ... @foo.setter + ... def foo(self, value): + ... pass + ... + >>> with patch('__main__.Foo.foo', new_callable=PropertyMock) as mock_foo: + ... mock_foo.return_value = 'mockity-mock' + ... this_foo = Foo() + ... print this_foo.foo + ... this_foo.foo = 6 + ... + mockity-mock + >>> mock_foo.mock_calls + [call(), call(6)] + +Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can't directly attach a +`PropertyMock` to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type +object: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock() + >>> p = PropertyMock(return_value=3) + >>> type(m).foo = p + >>> m.foo + 3 + >>> p.assert_called_once_with() + + +.. index:: __call__ +.. index:: calling + +Calling +======= + +Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the +:attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. The default return value is a new Mock +object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either +explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one +returned each time. + +Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes +like :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`. + +If :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` is set then it will be called after the call has +been recorded, so if `side_effect` raises an exception the call is still +recorded. + +The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make +:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` an exception class or instance: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=IndexError) + >>> m(1, 2, 3) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + IndexError + >>> m.mock_calls + [call(1, 2, 3)] + >>> m.side_effect = KeyError('Bang!') + >>> m('two', 'three', 'four') + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError: 'Bang!' + >>> m.mock_calls + [call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')] + +If `side_effect` is a function then whatever that function returns is what +calls to the mock return. The `side_effect` function is called with the +same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the +call dynamically, based on the input: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def side_effect(value): + ... return value + 1 + ... + >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect) + >>> m(1) + 2 + >>> m(2) + 3 + >>> m.mock_calls + [call(1), call(2)] + +If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or +any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return +`mock.return_value` from inside `side_effect`, or return :data:`DEFAULT`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock() + >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs): + ... return m.return_value + ... + >>> m.side_effect = side_effect + >>> m.return_value = 3 + >>> m() + 3 + >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs): + ... return DEFAULT + ... + >>> m.side_effect = side_effect + >>> m() + 3 + +To remove a `side_effect`, and return to the default behaviour, set the +`side_effect` to `None`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=6) + >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs): + ... return 3 + ... + >>> m.side_effect = side_effect + >>> m() + 3 + >>> m.side_effect = None + >>> m() + 6 + +The `side_effect` can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock +will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and +a `StopIteration` is raised): + +.. doctest:: + + >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=[1, 2, 3]) + >>> m() + 1 + >>> m() + 2 + >>> m() + 3 + >>> m() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + StopIteration + +If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of +returned: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> iterable = (33, ValueError, 66) + >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=iterable) + >>> m() + 33 + >>> m() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError + >>> m() + 66 + + +.. _deleting-attributes: + +Deleting Attributes +=================== + +Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be +objects of any type. + +You may want a mock object to return `False` to a `hasattr` call, or raise an +`AttributeError` when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing +an object as a `spec` for a mock, but that isn't always convenient. + +You "block" attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute +will raise an `AttributeError`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> hasattr(mock, 'm') + True + >>> del mock.m + >>> hasattr(mock, 'm') + False + >>> del mock.f + >>> mock.f + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AttributeError: f + + +Attaching Mocks as Attributes +============================= + +When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return +value) it becomes a "child" of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in +the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` and :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attributes of the +parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to +the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the +children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between +mocks: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> parent = MagicMock() + >>> child1 = MagicMock(return_value=None) + >>> child2 = MagicMock(return_value=None) + >>> parent.child1 = child1 + >>> parent.child2 = child2 + >>> child1(1) + >>> child2(2) + >>> parent.mock_calls + [call.child1(1), call.child2(2)] + +The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent +the "parenting" if for some reason you don't want it to happen. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mock = MagicMock() + >>> not_a_child = MagicMock(name='not-a-child') + >>> mock.attribute = not_a_child + >>> mock.attribute() + <MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'> + >>> mock.mock_calls + [] + +Mocks created for you by :func:`patch` are automatically given names. To +attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` +method: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> thing1 = object() + >>> thing2 = object() + >>> parent = MagicMock() + >>> with patch('__main__.thing1', return_value=None) as child1: + ... with patch('__main__.thing2', return_value=None) as child2: + ... parent.attach_mock(child1, 'child1') + ... parent.attach_mock(child2, 'child2') + ... child1('one') + ... child2('two') + ... + >>> parent.mock_calls + [call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')] + + +----- + +.. [#] The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have + leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn't create these but + instead of raises an ``AttributeError``. This is because the interpreter + will often implicitly request these methods, and gets *very* confused to + get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic + method support see :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`. diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbb5019fb --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +mocksignature +============= + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +.. note:: + + :ref:`auto-speccing`, added in mock 0.8, is a more advanced version of + `mocksignature` and can be used for many of the same use cases. + +A problem with using mock objects to replace real objects in your tests is that +:class:`Mock` can be *too* flexible. Your code can treat the mock objects in +any way and you have to manually check that they were called correctly. If your +code calls functions or methods with the wrong number of arguments then mocks +don't complain. + +The solution to this is `mocksignature`, which creates functions with the +same signature as the original, but delegating to a mock. You can interrogate +the mock in the usual way to check it has been called with the *right* +arguments, but if it is called with the wrong number of arguments it will +raise a `TypeError` in the same way your production code would. + +Another advantage is that your mocked objects are real functions, which can +be useful when your code uses +`inspect <http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html>`_ or depends on +functions being function objects. + +.. function:: mocksignature(func, mock=None, skipfirst=False) + + Create a new function with the same signature as `func` that delegates + to `mock`. If `skipfirst` is True the first argument is skipped, useful + for methods where `self` needs to be omitted from the new function. + + If you don't pass in a `mock` then one will be created for you. + + Functions returned by `mocksignature` have many of the same attributes + and assert methods as a mock object. + + The mock is set as the `mock` attribute of the returned function for easy + access. + + `mocksignature` can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of + the `__init__` method. + + When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the + `__call__` method. + +`mocksignature` will work out if it is mocking the signature of a method on +an instance or a method on a class and do the "right thing" with the `self` +argument in both cases. + +Because of a limitation in the way that arguments are collected by functions +created by `mocksignature` they are *always* passed as positional arguments +(including defaults) and not keyword arguments. + + +mocksignature api +----------------- + +Although the objects returned by `mocksignature` api are real function objects, +they have much of the same api as the :class:`Mock` class. This includes the +assert methods: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def func(a, b, c): + ... pass + ... + >>> func2 = mocksignature(func) + >>> func2.called + False + >>> func2.return_value = 3 + >>> func2(1, 2, 3) + 3 + >>> func2.called + True + >>> func2.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3) + >>> func2.assert_called_with(1, 2, 4) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + AssertionError: Expected call: mock(1, 2, 4) + Actual call: mock(1, 2, 3) + >>> func2.call_count + 1 + >>> func2.side_effect = IndexError + >>> func2(4, 5, 6) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + IndexError + +The mock object that is being delegated to is available as the `mock` attribute +of the function created by `mocksignature`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> func2.mock.mock_calls + [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)] + +The methods and attributes available on functions returned by `mocksignature` +are: + + :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call`, :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with`, + :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`, :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`, + :attr:`~Mock.call_args`, :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`, + :attr:`~Mock.call_count`, :attr:`~Mock.called`, + :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, `mock`, :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`, + :meth:`~Mock.reset_mock`, :attr:`~Mock.return_value`, and + :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. + + +Example use +----------- + +Basic use +~~~~~~~~~ + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def function(a, b, c=None): + ... pass + ... + >>> mock = Mock() + >>> function = mocksignature(function, mock) + >>> function() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given) + >>> function.return_value = 'some value' + >>> function(1, 2, 'foo') + 'some value' + >>> function.assert_called_with(1, 2, 'foo') + + +Keyword arguments +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Note that arguments to functions created by `mocksignature` are always passed +in to the underlying mock by position even when called with keywords: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> def function(a, b, c=None): + ... pass + ... + >>> function = mocksignature(function) + >>> function.return_value = None + >>> function(1, 2) + >>> function.assert_called_with(1, 2, None) + + +Mocking methods and self +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When you use `mocksignature` to replace a method on a class then `self` +will be included in the method signature - and you will need to include +the instance when you do your asserts. + +As a curious factor of the way Python (2) wraps methods fetched from a class, +we can *get* the `return_value` from a function set on a class, but we can't +set it. We have to do this through the exposed `mock` attribute instead: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class SomeClass(object): + ... def method(self, a, b, c=None): + ... pass + ... + >>> SomeClass.method = mocksignature(SomeClass.method) + >>> SomeClass.method.mock.return_value = None + >>> instance = SomeClass() + >>> instance.method() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 4 arguments (1 given) + >>> instance.method(1, 2, 3) + >>> instance.method.assert_called_with(instance, 1, 2, 3) + +When you use `mocksignature` on instance methods `self` isn't included (and we +can set the `return_value` etc directly): + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class SomeClass(object): + ... def method(self, a, b, c=None): + ... pass + ... + >>> instance = SomeClass() + >>> instance.method = mocksignature(instance.method) + >>> instance.method.return_value = None + >>> instance.method(1, 2, 3) + >>> instance.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3) + + +mocksignature with classes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When used with a class `mocksignature` copies the signature of the `__init__` +method. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Something(object): + ... def __init__(self, foo, bar): + ... pass + ... + >>> MockSomething = mocksignature(Something) + >>> instance = MockSomething(10, 9) + >>> assert instance is MockSomething.return_value + >>> MockSomething.assert_called_with(10, 9) + >>> MockSomething() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given) + +Because the object returned by `mocksignature` is a function rather than a +`Mock` you lose the other capabilities of `Mock`, like dynamic attribute +creation. + + +mocksignature with callable objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When used with a callable object `mocksignature` copies the signature of the +`__call__` method. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Something(object): + ... def __call__(self, spam, eggs): + ... pass + ... + >>> something = Something() + >>> mock_something = mocksignature(something) + >>> result = mock_something(10, 9) + >>> mock_something.assert_called_with(10, 9) + >>> mock_something() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given) + + +mocksignature argument to patch +------------------------------- + +`mocksignature` is available as a keyword argument to :func:`patch` or +:func:`patch.object`. It can be used with functions / methods / classes and +callable objects. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class SomeClass(object): + ... def method(self, a, b, c=None): + ... pass + ... + >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'method', mocksignature=True) + ... def test(mock_method): + ... instance = SomeClass() + ... mock_method.return_value = None + ... instance.method(1, 2) + ... mock_method.assert_called_with(instance, 1, 2, None) + ... + >>> test() diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d56264fb --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,636 @@ +================== + Patch Decorators +================== + + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +.. testsetup:: + + class SomeClass(object): + static_method = None + class_method = None + attribute = None + + sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package') + sys.modules['package.module'] = package.module + + class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase): + def run(self): + result = unittest2.TestResult() + super(unittest2.TestCase, self).run(result) + assert result.wasSuccessful() + +.. testcleanup:: + + patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'test' + + +The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of +the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you, +even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with +statements or as class decorators. + + +patch +===== + +.. note:: + + `patch` is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the + right namespace. See the section `where to patch`_. + +.. function:: patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs) + + `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context + manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target` + is patched with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits + the patch is undone. + + If `new` is omitted, then the target is replaced with a + :class:`MagicMock`. If `patch` is used as a decorator and `new` is + omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the + decorated function. If `patch` is used as a context manager the created + mock is returned by the context manager. + + `target` should be a string in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`. The + `target` is imported and the specified object replaced with the `new` + object, so the `target` must be importable from the environment you are + calling `patch` from. The target is imported when the decorated function + is executed, not at decoration time. + + The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock` + if patch is creating one for you. + + In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes + patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object. + + `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object, + that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is + used. + + A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True` + then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced. + All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding + attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked + will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if they are + called with the wrong signature. For mocks + replacing a class, their return value (the 'instance') will have the same + spec as the class. See the :func:`create_autospec` function and + :ref:`auto-speccing`. + + Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an + arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced. + + By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If + you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will + create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and + delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against + attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by + default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write + passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist! + + Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by + decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate + code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds + tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`. + By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests. + You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`. + + Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the + patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you + use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the + "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you. + + `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to + the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction. + + `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are + available for alternate use-cases. + +`patch` as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into +the decorated function: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> @patch('__main__.SomeClass') + ... def function(normal_argument, mock_class): + ... print mock_class is SomeClass + ... + >>> function(None) + True + + +Patching a class replaces the class with a `MagicMock` *instance*. If the +class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the +:attr:`~Mock.return_value` of the mock that will be used. + +If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use +:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you +can set the `return_value` to be anything you want. + +To configure return values on methods of *instances* on the patched class +you must do this on the `return_value`. For example: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Class(object): + ... def method(self): + ... pass + ... + >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass: + ... instance = MockClass.return_value + ... instance.method.return_value = 'foo' + ... assert Class() is instance + ... assert Class().method() == 'foo' + ... + +If you use `spec` or `spec_set` and `patch` is replacing a *class*, then the +return value of the created mock will have the same spec. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> Original = Class + >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True) + >>> MockClass = patcher.start() + >>> instance = MockClass() + >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original) + >>> patcher.stop() + +The `new_callable` argument is useful where you want to use an alternative +class to the default :class:`MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if +you wanted a :class:`NonCallableMock` to be used: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> thing = object() + >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing: + ... assert thing is mock_thing + ... thing() + ... + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable + +Another use case might be to replace an object with a `StringIO` instance: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from StringIO import StringIO + >>> def foo(): + ... print 'Something' + ... + >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO) + ... def test(mock_stdout): + ... foo() + ... assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n' + ... + >>> test() + +When `patch` is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing +you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done +in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be +used to set attributes on the created mock: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two') + >>> mock_thing = patcher.start() + >>> mock_thing.first + 'one' + >>> mock_thing.second + 'two' + +As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the +:attr:`~Mock.return_value` and :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`, of child mocks can +also be configured. These aren't syntactically valid to pass in directly as +keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded +into a `patch` call using `**`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError} + >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config) + >>> mock_thing = patcher.start() + >>> mock_thing.method() + 3 + >>> mock_thing.other() + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + KeyError + + +patch.object +============ + +.. function:: patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs) + + patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock + object. + + `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context + manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`, `autospec` and + `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like `patch`, + `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock + object it creates. + + When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX` + for choosing which methods to wrap. + +You can either call `patch.object` with three arguments or two arguments. The +three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the +object to replace the attribute with. + +When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a +mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated +function: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method') + ... def test(mock_method): + ... SomeClass.class_method(3) + ... mock_method.assert_called_with(3) + ... + >>> test() + +`spec`, `create` and the other arguments to `patch.object` have the same +meaning as they do for `patch`. + + +patch.dict +========== + +.. function:: patch.dict(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs) + + Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary + to its original state after the test. + + `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a + mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items + plus iterating over keys. + + `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which + will then be fetched by importing it. + + `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values` + can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs. + + If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new + values are set. + + `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set + values in the dictionary. + + `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class + decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours + `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap. + +`patch.dict` can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test +change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test +ends. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from mock import patch + >>> foo = {} + >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}): + ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'} + ... + >>> assert foo == {} + + >>> import os + >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}): + ... print os.environ['newkey'] + ... + newvalue + >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ + +Keywords can be used in the `patch.dict` call to set values in the dictionary: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> mymodule = MagicMock() + >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish' + >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule): + ... import mymodule + ... mymodule.function('some', 'args') + ... + 'fish' + +`patch.dict` can be used with dictionary like objects that aren't actually +dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting, +deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the +magic methods `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__` and either +`__iter__` or `__contains__`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class Container(object): + ... def __init__(self): + ... self.values = {} + ... def __getitem__(self, name): + ... return self.values[name] + ... def __setitem__(self, name, value): + ... self.values[name] = value + ... def __delitem__(self, name): + ... del self.values[name] + ... def __iter__(self): + ... return iter(self.values) + ... + >>> thing = Container() + >>> thing['one'] = 1 + >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3): + ... assert thing['one'] == 2 + ... assert thing['two'] == 3 + ... + >>> assert thing['one'] == 1 + >>> assert list(thing) == ['one'] + + +patch.multiple +============== + +.. function:: patch.multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs) + + Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be + patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing) + and keyword arguments for the patches:: + + with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'): + ... + + Use :data:`DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create + mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated + function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is + used as a context manager. + + `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context + manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`, `autospec` and + `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These arguments will + be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`. + + When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX` + for choosing which methods to wrap. + +If you want `patch.multiple` to create mocks for you, then you can use +:data:`DEFAULT` as the value. If you use `patch.multiple` as a decorator +then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> thing = object() + >>> other = object() + + >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) + ... def test_function(thing, other): + ... assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock) + ... assert isinstance(other, MagicMock) + ... + >>> test_function() + +`patch.multiple` can be nested with other `patch` decorators, but put arguments +passed by keyword *after* any of the standard arguments created by `patch`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> @patch('sys.exit') + ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) + ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing): + ... assert 'other' in repr(other) + ... assert 'thing' in repr(thing) + ... assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit) + ... + >>> test_function() + +If `patch.multiple` is used as a context manager, the value returned by the +context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values: + ... assert 'other' in repr(values['other']) + ... assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing']) + ... assert values['thing'] is thing + ... assert values['other'] is other + ... + + +.. _start-and-stop: + +patch methods: start and stop +============================= + +All the patchers have `start` and `stop` methods. These make it simpler to do +patching in `setUp` methods or where you want to do multiple patches without +nesting decorators or with statements. + +To use them call `patch`, `patch.object` or `patch.dict` as normal and keep a +reference to the returned `patcher` object. You can then call `start` to put +the patch in place and `stop` to undo it. + +If you are using `patch` to create a mock for you then it will be returned by +the call to `patcher.start`. + +.. doctest:: + + >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName') + >>> from package import module + >>> original = module.ClassName + >>> new_mock = patcher.start() + >>> assert module.ClassName is not original + >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock + >>> patcher.stop() + >>> assert module.ClassName is original + >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock + + +A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the `setUp` +method of a `TestCase`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(TestCase): + ... def setUp(self): + ... self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1') + ... self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2') + ... self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start() + ... self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start() + ... + ... def tearDown(self): + ... self.patcher1.stop() + ... self.patcher2.stop() + ... + ... def test_something(self): + ... assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1 + ... assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2 + ... + >>> MyTest('test_something').run() + +.. caution:: + + If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by + calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an + exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2 + <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this + easier. + + .. doctest:: + + >>> class MyTest(TestCase): + ... def setUp(self): + ... patcher = patch('package.module.Class') + ... self.MockClass = patcher.start() + ... self.addCleanup(patcher.stop) + ... + ... def test_something(self): + ... assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass + ... + >>> MyTest('test_something').run() + + As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the `patcher` + object. + +It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using +`patch.stopall`. + +.. function:: patch.stopall + + Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with `start`. + + +TEST_PREFIX +=========== + +All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way +they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that +start with `test` as being test methods. This is the same way that the +`unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default. + +It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can +inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo' + >>> value = 3 + >>> + >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three') + ... class Thing(object): + ... def foo_one(self): + ... print value + ... def foo_two(self): + ... print value + ... + >>> + >>> Thing().foo_one() + not three + >>> Thing().foo_two() + not three + >>> value + 3 + + +Nesting Patch Decorators +======================== + +If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the +decorators. + +You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method') + ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method') + ... def test(mock1, mock2): + ... assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1 + ... assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2 + ... SomeClass.static_method('foo') + ... SomeClass.class_method('bar') + ... return mock1, mock2 + ... + >>> mock1, mock2 = test() + >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo') + >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar') + + +Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the +standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks +passed into your test function matches this order. + +Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib's nested +function; *every* patching will appear in the tuple after "as": + +.. doctest:: + + >>> from contextlib import nested + >>> with nested( + ... patch('package.module.ClassName1'), + ... patch('package.module.ClassName2') + ... ) as (MockClass1, MockClass2): + ... assert package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1 + ... assert package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2 + ... + + +.. _where-to-patch: + +Where to patch +============== + +`patch` works by (temporarily) changing the object that a *name* points to with +another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so +for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system +under test. + +The basic principle is that you patch where an object is *looked up*, which +is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of +examples will help to clarify this. + +Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure:: + + a.py + -> Defines SomeClass + + b.py + -> from a import SomeClass + -> some_function instantiates SomeClass + +Now we want to test `some_function` but we want to mock out `SomeClass` using +`patch`. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to +do then it imports `SomeClass` from module a. If we use `patch` to mock out +`a.SomeClass` then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a +reference to the *real* `SomeClass` and it looks like our patching had no +effect. + +The key is to patch out `SomeClass` where it is used (or where it is looked up +). In this case `some_function` will actually look up `SomeClass` in module b, +where we have imported it. The patching should look like: + + `@patch('b.SomeClass')` + +However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of `from a import +SomeClass` module b does `import a` and `some_function` uses `a.SomeClass`. Both +of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is +being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch `a.SomeClass` instead: + + `@patch('a.SomeClass')` + + +Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects +====================================== + +Since version 0.6.0 both patch_ and patch.object_ have been able to correctly +patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties. +You should patch these on the *class* rather than an instance. + +Since version 0.7.0 patch_ and patch.object_ work correctly with some objects +that proxy attribute access, like the `django setttings object +<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198>`_. + +.. note:: + + In django `import settings` and `from django.conf import settings` + return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you + may have to patch both. Grrr... diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c5223da0 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +========== + Sentinel +========== + + +.. currentmodule:: mock + +.. testsetup:: + + class ProductionClass(object): + def something(self): + return self.method() + + class Test(unittest2.TestCase): + def testSomething(self): + pass + self = Test('testSomething') + + +.. data:: sentinel + + The ``sentinel`` object provides a convenient way of providing unique + objects for your tests. + + Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing + the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects + returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable. + + +.. data:: DEFAULT + + The `DEFAULT` object is a pre-created sentinel (actually + `sentinel.DEFAULT`). It can be used by :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` + functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used. + + +Sentinel Example +================ + +Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an +argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named +sentinel objects to test this. `sentinel` provides a convenient way of +creating and testing the identity of objects like this. + +In this example we monkey patch `method` to return +`sentinel.some_object`: + +.. doctest:: + + >>> real = ProductionClass() + >>> real.method = Mock(name="method") + >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object + >>> result = real.method() + >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object + >>> sentinel.some_object + sentinel.some_object + + diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60395bcef --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css @@ -0,0 +1,757 @@ +/** + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme + * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + */ + h3 { + color:#000000; + font-size: 17px; + margin-bottom:0.5em; + margin-top:2em; + } +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; +} + +/* -- header ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +#header #title { + background:#29334F url(title_background.png) repeat-x scroll 0 0; + border-bottom:1px solid #B6B6B6; + height:25px; + overflow:hidden; +} +#headerButtons { + position: absolute; + list-style: none outside; + top: 26px; + left: 0px; + right: 0px; + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + border-top: 1px solid #2B334F; + border-bottom: 1px solid #EDEDED; + height: 20px; + font-size: 8pt; + overflow: hidden; + background-color: #D8D8D8; +} + +#headerButtons li { + background-repeat:no-repeat; + display:inline; + margin-top:0; + padding:0; +} + +.headerButton { + display: inline; + height:20px; +} + +.headerButton a { + text-decoration: none; + float: right; + height: 20px; + padding: 4px 15px; + border-left: 1px solid #ACACAC; + font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; + color: black; +} +.headerButton a:hover { + color: white; + background-color: #787878; + +} + +li#toc_button { + text-align:left; +} + +li#toc_button .headerButton a { + width:198px; + padding-top: 4px; + font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; + color: black; + float: left; + padding-left:15px; + border-right:1px solid #ACACAC; + background:transparent url(triangle_open.png) no-repeat scroll 4px 6px; +} + +li#toc_button .headerButton a:hover { + background-color: #787878; + color: white; +} + +li#page_buttons { +position:absolute; +right:0; +} + +#breadcrumbs { + color: black; + background-image:url(breadcrumb_background.png); + border-top:1px solid #2B334F; + bottom:0; + font-size:10px; + height:15px; + left:0; + overflow:hidden; + padding:3px 10px 0; + position:absolute; + right:0; + white-space:nowrap; + z-index:901; +} +#breadcrumbs a { + color: black; + text-decoration: none; +} +#breadcrumbs a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; +} +#breadcrumbs img { + padding-left: 3px; +} +/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */ +#sphinxsidebar { + position: absolute; + top: 84px; + bottom: 19px; + left: 0px; + width: 229px; + background-color: #E4EBF7; + border-right: 1px solid #ACACAC; + border-top: 1px solid #2B334F; + overflow-x: hidden; + overflow-y: auto; + padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; + font-size:11px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebarwrapper { + padding: 10px 5px 0 10px; +} + +#sphinxsidebar li { + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + font-weight: normal; + margin: 0px 0px 7px 0px; + overflow: hidden; + text-overflow: ellipsis; + font-size: 11px; +} + +#sphinxsidebar ul { + list-style: none; + margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; + padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px; +} + +#sphinxsidebar ul ul, +#sphinxsidebar ul.want-points { + list-style: square; +} + +#sphinxsidebar ul ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +#sphinxsidebar form { + margin-top: 10px; +} + +#sphinxsidebar input { + border: 1px solid #787878; + font-family: sans-serif; + font-size: 1em; +} + +img { + border: 0; +} + +#sphinxsidebar li.toctree-l1 a { + font-weight: bold; + color: #000; + text-decoration: none; +} + +#sphinxsidebar li.toctree-l2 a { + font-weight: bold; + color: #4f4f4f; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +ul.search { + margin: 10px 0 0 20px; + padding: 0; +} + +ul.search li { + padding: 5px 0 5px 20px; + background-image: url(file.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: 0 7px; +} + +ul.search li a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +ul.search li div.context { + color: #888; + margin: 2px 0 0 30px; + text-align: left; +} + +ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a { + font-weight: bold; +} +#sphinxsidebar input.prettysearch {border:none;} +input.searchbutton { + float: right; +} +.search-wrapper {width: 100%; height: 25px;} +.search-wrapper input.prettysearch { border: none; width:200px; height: 16px; background: url(searchfield_repeat.png) center top repeat-x; border: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 3px 0 0 0; font: 11px "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Arial, sans-serif; } +.search-wrapper input.prettysearch { width: 184px; margin-left: 20px; *margin-top:-1px; *margin-right:-2px; *margin-left:10px; } +.search-wrapper .search-left { display: block; position: absolute; width: 20px; height: 19px; background: url(searchfield_leftcap.png) left top no-repeat; } +.search-wrapper .search-right { display: block; position: relative; left: 204px; top: -19px; width: 10px; height: 19px; background: url(searchfield_rightcap.png) right top no-repeat; } + +/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */ + +table.contentstable { + width: 90%; +} + +table.contentstable p.biglink { + line-height: 150%; +} + +a.biglink { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +span.linkdescr { + font-style: italic; + padding-top: 5px; + font-size: 90%; +} + +/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.indextable td { + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; +} + +table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +table.indextable tr.pcap { + height: 10px; +} + +table.indextable tr.cap { + margin-top: 10px; + background-color: #f2f2f2; +} + +img.toggler { + margin-right: 3px; + margin-top: 3px; + cursor: pointer; +} + +/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */ +.document { + border-top:1px solid #2B334F; + overflow:auto; + padding-left:2em; + padding-right:2em; + position:absolute; + z-index:1; + top:84px; + bottom:19px; + right:0; + left:230px; +} + +a.headerlink { + visibility: hidden; +} + +h1:hover > a.headerlink, +h2:hover > a.headerlink, +h3:hover > a.headerlink, +h4:hover > a.headerlink, +h5:hover > a.headerlink, +h6:hover > a.headerlink, +dt:hover > a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +div.body p.caption { + text-align: inherit; +} + +div.body td { + text-align: left; +} + +.field-list ul { + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.first { + margin-top: 0 !important; +} + +p.rubric { + margin-top: 30px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +/*div.sidebar { + margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; + border: 1px solid #ddb; + padding: 7px 7px 0 7px; + background-color: #ffe; + width: 40%; + float: right; +} + +p.sidebar-title { + font-weight: bold; +} +*/ +/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.topic { + border: 1px solid #ccc; + padding: 7px 7px 0 7px; + margin: 10px 0 10px 0; +} + +p.topic-title { + font-size: 1.1em; + font-weight: bold; + margin-top: 10px; +} + +/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */ +.admonition { + border: 1px solid #a1a5a9; + background-color: #f7f7f7; + margin: 20px; + padding: 0px 8px 7px 9px; + text-align: left; +} +.warning { + background-color:#E8E8E8; + border:1px solid #111111; + margin:30px; +} +.admonition p { + font: 12px 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; + margin-top: 7px; + margin-bottom: 0px; +} + +div.admonition dt { + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.admonition dl { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +p.admonition-title { + margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; + font-weight: bold; + padding-top: 3px; +} + +div.body p.centered { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 25px; +} + +/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.docutils { + border-collapse: collapse; + border-top: 1px solid #919699; + border-left: 1px solid #919699; + border-right: 1px solid #919699; + font-size:12px; + padding:8px; + text-align:left; + vertical-align:top; +} + +table.docutils td, table.docutils th { + padding: 8px; + font-size: 12px; + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; + border-bottom: 1px solid #919699; +} + +table.docutils th { + font-weight: bold; +} +/* This alternates colors in up to six table rows (light blue for odd, white for even)*/ +.docutils tr { + background: #F0F5F9; +} + +.docutils tr + tr { + background: #FFFFFF; +} + +.docutils tr + tr + tr { + background: #F0F5F9; +} + +.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr { + background: #FFFFFF; +} + +.docutils tr + tr + tr +tr + tr { + background: #F0F5F9; +} + +.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr { + background: #FFFFFF; +} + +.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr { + background: #F0F5F9; +} + +table.footnote td, table.footnote th { + border: 0 !important; +} + +th { + text-align: left; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +dl { + margin-bottom: 15px; +} + +dd p { + margin-top: 0px; + font-size: 12px; +} + +dd ul, dd table { + margin-bottom: 10px; +} + +dd { + margin-top: 3px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + margin-left: 30px; + font-size: 12px; +} + +dt:target, .highlight { + background-color: #fbe54e; +} + +dl.glossary dt { + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 0.8em; +} + +dl.glossary dd { + font-size:12px; +} +.field-list ul { + vertical-align: top; + margin: 0; + padding-bottom: 0; + list-style: none inside; +} + +.field-list ul li { + margin-top: 0; +} + +.field-list p { + margin: 0; +} + +.refcount { + color: #060; +} + +.optional { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +.versionmodified { + font-style: italic; +} + +.system-message { + background-color: #fda; + padding: 5px; + border: 3px solid red; +} + +.footnote:target { + background-color: #ffa +} + +/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +pre { + overflow: auto; + background-color:#F1F5F9; + border:1px solid #C9D1D7; + border-spacing:0; + font-family:"Bitstream Vera Sans Mono",Monaco,"Lucida Console",Courier,Consolas,monospace; + font-size:11px; + padding: 10px; +} + +td.linenos pre { + padding: 5px 0px; + border: 0; + background-color: transparent; + color: #aaa; +} + +table.highlighttable { + margin-left: 0.5em; +} + +table.highlighttable td { + padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em; +} + +tt { + font-family:"Bitstream Vera Sans Mono",Monaco,"Lucida Console",Courier,Consolas,monospace; + +} + +tt.descname { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 1em; +} + +tt.descclassname { + background-color: transparent; +} + +tt.xref, a tt { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt { + background-color: transparent; +} + +/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +img.math { + vertical-align: middle; +} + +div.body div.math p { + text-align: center; +} + +span.eqno { + float: right; +} + +/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */ + +@media print { + div.document, + div.documentwrapper, + div.bodywrapper { + margin: 0; + width: 100%; + } + + div.sphinxsidebar, + div.related, + div.footer, + #top-link { + display: none; + } +} + +body { + font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; +} + +dl.class dt { + padding: 3px; +/* border-top: 2px solid #999;*/ +} + +em.property { + font-style: normal; +} + +dl.class dd p { + margin-top: 6px; +} + +dl.class dd dl.exception dt { + padding: 3px; + background-color: #FFD6D6; + border-top: none; +} + +dl.class dd dl.method dt { + padding: 3px; + background-color: #e9e9e9; + border-top: none; + +} + +dl.function dt { + padding: 3px; + border-top: 2px solid #999; +} + +ul { +list-style-image:none; +list-style-position:outside; +list-style-type:square; +margin:0 0 0 30px; +padding:0 0 12px 6px; +} +#docstitle { + height: 36px; + background-image: url(header_sm_mid.png); + left: 0; + top: 0; + position: absolute; + width: 100%; +} +#docstitle p { + padding:7px 0 0 45px; + margin: 0; + color: white; + text-shadow:0 1px 0 #787878; + background: transparent url(documentation.png) no-repeat scroll 10px 3px; + height: 36px; + font-size: 15px; +} +#header { +height:45px; +left:0; +position:absolute; +right:0; +top:36px; +z-index:900; +} + +#header h1 { +font-size:10pt; +margin:0; +padding:5px 0 0 10px; +text-shadow:0 1px 0 #D5D5D5; +white-space:nowrap; +} + +h1 { +-x-system-font:none; +color:#000000; +font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; +font-size:30px; +font-size-adjust:none; +font-stretch:normal; +font-style:normal; +font-variant:normal; +font-weight:bold; +line-height:normal; +margin-bottom:25px; +margin-top:1em; +} + +.footer { +border-top:1px solid #DDDDDD; +clear:both; +padding-top:9px; +width:100%; +font-size:10px; +} + +p { +-x-system-font:none; +font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; +font-size:12px; +font-size-adjust:none; +font-stretch:normal; +font-style:normal; +font-variant:normal; +font-weight:normal; +line-height:normal; +margin-bottom:10px; +margin-top:0; +} + +h2 { +border-bottom:1px solid #919699; +color:#000000; +font-size:24px; +margin-top:2.5em; +padding-bottom:2px; +} + +a:link:hover { +color:#093D92; +text-decoration:underline; +} + +a:link { +color:#093D92; +text-decoration:none; +} + + +ol { +list-style-position:outside; +list-style-type:decimal; +margin:0 0 0 30px; +padding:0 0 12px 6px; +} +li { +margin-top:7px; +font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; +font-size:12px; +font-size-adjust:none; +font-stretch:normal; +font-style:normal; +font-variant:normal; +font-weight:normal; +line-height:normal; +} +li p { +margin-top:8px; +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43e8bafaf --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css @@ -0,0 +1,540 @@ +/* + * basic.css + * ~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; +} + +/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.related { + width: 100%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +div.related h3 { + display: none; +} + +div.related ul { + margin: 0; + padding: 0 0 0 10px; + list-style: none; +} + +div.related li { + display: inline; +} + +div.related li.right { + float: right; + margin-right: 5px; +} + +/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sphinxsidebarwrapper { + padding: 10px 5px 0 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar { + float: left; + width: 230px; + margin-left: -100%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul { + list-style: none; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul, +div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points { + margin-left: 20px; + list-style: square; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar ul ul { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar form { + margin-top: 10px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar input { + border: 1px solid #98dbcc; + font-family: sans-serif; + font-size: 1em; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] { + width: 170px; +} + +div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] { + width: 30px; +} + +img { + border: 0; +} + +/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +ul.search { + margin: 10px 0 0 20px; + padding: 0; +} + +ul.search li { + padding: 5px 0 5px 20px; + background-image: url(file.png); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + background-position: 0 7px; +} + +ul.search li a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +ul.search li div.context { + color: #888; + margin: 2px 0 0 30px; + text-align: left; +} + +ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a { + font-weight: bold; +} + +/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */ + +table.contentstable { + width: 90%; +} + +table.contentstable p.biglink { + line-height: 150%; +} + +a.biglink { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +span.linkdescr { + font-style: italic; + padding-top: 5px; + font-size: 90%; +} + +/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.indextable { + width: 100%; +} + +table.indextable td { + text-align: left; + vertical-align: top; +} + +table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +table.indextable tr.pcap { + height: 10px; +} + +table.indextable tr.cap { + margin-top: 10px; + background-color: #f2f2f2; +} + +img.toggler { + margin-right: 3px; + margin-top: 3px; + cursor: pointer; +} + +div.modindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +div.genindex-jumpbox { + border-top: 1px solid #ddd; + border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; + margin: 1em 0 1em 0; + padding: 0.4em; +} + +/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */ + +a.headerlink { + visibility: hidden; +} + +h1:hover > a.headerlink, +h2:hover > a.headerlink, +h3:hover > a.headerlink, +h4:hover > a.headerlink, +h5:hover > a.headerlink, +h6:hover > a.headerlink, +dt:hover > a.headerlink { + visibility: visible; +} + +div.body p.caption { + text-align: inherit; +} + +div.body td { + text-align: left; +} + +.field-list ul { + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.first { + margin-top: 0 !important; +} + +p.rubric { + margin-top: 30px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left { + clear: left; + float: left; + margin-right: 1em; +} + +img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right { + clear: right; + float: right; + margin-left: 1em; +} + +img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.align-left { + text-align: left; +} + +.align-center { + text-align: center; +} + +.align-right { + text-align: right; +} + +/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.sidebar { + margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; + border: 1px solid #ddb; + padding: 7px 7px 0 7px; + background-color: #ffe; + width: 40%; + float: right; +} + +p.sidebar-title { + font-weight: bold; +} + +/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.topic { + border: 1px solid #ccc; + padding: 7px 7px 0 7px; + margin: 10px 0 10px 0; +} + +p.topic-title { + font-size: 1.1em; + font-weight: bold; + margin-top: 10px; +} + +/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.admonition { + margin-top: 10px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + padding: 7px; +} + +div.admonition dt { + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.admonition dl { + margin-bottom: 0; +} + +p.admonition-title { + margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px; + font-weight: bold; +} + +div.body p.centered { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 25px; +} + +/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */ + +table.docutils { + border: 0; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +table.docutils td, table.docutils th { + padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px; + border-top: 0; + border-left: 0; + border-right: 0; + border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; +} + +table.field-list td, table.field-list th { + border: 0 !important; +} + +table.footnote td, table.footnote th { + border: 0 !important; +} + +th { + text-align: left; + padding-right: 5px; +} + +table.citation { + border-left: solid 1px gray; + margin-left: 1px; +} + +table.citation td { + border-bottom: none; +} + +/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */ + +ol.arabic { + list-style: decimal; +} + +ol.loweralpha { + list-style: lower-alpha; +} + +ol.upperalpha { + list-style: upper-alpha; +} + +ol.lowerroman { + list-style: lower-roman; +} + +ol.upperroman { + list-style: upper-roman; +} + +dl { + margin-bottom: 15px; +} + +dd p { + margin-top: 0px; +} + +dd ul, dd table { + margin-bottom: 10px; +} + +dd { + margin-top: 3px; + margin-bottom: 10px; + margin-left: 30px; +} + +dt:target, .highlighted { + background-color: #fbe54e; +} + +dl.glossary dt { + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 1.1em; +} + +.field-list ul { + margin: 0; + padding-left: 1em; +} + +.field-list p { + margin: 0; +} + +.refcount { + color: #060; +} + +.optional { + font-size: 1.3em; +} + +.versionmodified { + font-style: italic; +} + +.system-message { + background-color: #fda; + padding: 5px; + border: 3px solid red; +} + +.footnote:target { + background-color: #ffa; +} + +.line-block { + display: block; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.line-block .line-block { + margin-top: 0; + margin-bottom: 0; + margin-left: 1.5em; +} + +.guilabel, .menuselection { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +.accelerator { + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.classifier { + font-style: oblique; +} + +abbr, acronym { + border-bottom: dotted 1px; + cursor: help; +} + +/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */ + +pre { + overflow: auto; + overflow-y: hidden; /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */ +} + +td.linenos pre { + padding: 5px 0px; + border: 0; + background-color: transparent; + color: #aaa; +} + +table.highlighttable { + margin-left: 0.5em; +} + +table.highlighttable td { + padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em; +} + +tt.descname { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; + font-size: 1.2em; +} + +tt.descclassname { + background-color: transparent; +} + +tt.xref, a tt { + background-color: transparent; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt { + background-color: transparent; +} + +.viewcode-link { + float: right; +} + +.viewcode-back { + float: right; + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +div.viewcode-block:target { + margin: -1px -10px; + padding: 0 10px; +} + +/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */ + +img.math { + vertical-align: middle; 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'...' : '') + + $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) + + ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : ''); + var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt); + $.each(hlwords, function() { + rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted'); + }); + return rv; +} + + +/** + * Porter Stemmer + */ +var Stemmer = function() { + + var step2list = { + ational: 'ate', + tional: 'tion', + enci: 'ence', + anci: 'ance', + izer: 'ize', + bli: 'ble', + alli: 'al', + entli: 'ent', + eli: 'e', + ousli: 'ous', + ization: 'ize', + ation: 'ate', + ator: 'ate', + alism: 'al', + iveness: 'ive', + fulness: 'ful', + ousness: 'ous', + aliti: 'al', + iviti: 'ive', + biliti: 'ble', + logi: 'log' + }; + + var step3list = { + icate: 'ic', + ative: '', + alize: 'al', + iciti: 'ic', + ical: 'ic', + ful: '', + ness: '' + }; + + var c = "[^aeiou]"; // consonant + var v = "[aeiouy]"; // vowel + var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*"; // consonant sequence + var V = v + "[aeiou]*"; // vowel sequence + + var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C; // [C]VC... is m>0 + var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$"; // [C]VC[V] is m=1 + var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C; // [C]VCVC... is m>1 + var s_v = "^(" + C + ")?" + v; // vowel in stem + + this.stemWord = function (w) { + var stem; + var suffix; + var firstch; + var origword = w; + + if (w.length < 3) + return w; + + var re; + var re2; + var re3; + var re4; + + firstch = w.substr(0,1); + if (firstch == "y") + w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1); + + // Step 1a + re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/; + + if (re.test(w)) + w = w.replace(re,"$1$2"); + else if (re2.test(w)) + w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2"); + + // Step 1b + re = /^(.+?)eed$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(fp[1])) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + } + else if (re2.test(w)) { + var fp = re2.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re2 = new RegExp(s_v); + if (re2.test(stem)) { + w = stem; + re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/; + re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$"); + re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$"); + if (re2.test(w)) + w = w + "e"; + else if (re3.test(w)) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + else if (re4.test(w)) + w = w + "e"; + } + } + + // Step 1c + re = /^(.+?)y$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(s_v); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem + "i"; + } + + // Step 2 + re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + suffix = fp[2]; + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem + step2list[suffix]; + } + + // Step 3 + re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + suffix = fp[2]; + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem + step3list[suffix]; + } + + // Step 4 + re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem; + } + else if (re2.test(w)) { + var fp = re2.exec(w); + stem = fp[1] + fp[2]; + re2 = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re2.test(stem)) + w = stem; + } + + // Step 5 + re = /^(.+?)e$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(mgr1); + re2 = new RegExp(meq1); + re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$"); + if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem)))) + w = stem; + } + re = /ll$/; + re2 = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + + // and turn initial Y back to y + if (firstch == "y") + w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1); + return w; + } +} + + +/** + * Search Module + */ +var Search = { + + _index : null, + _queued_query : null, + _pulse_status : -1, + + init : function() { + var params = $.getQueryParameters(); + if (params.q) { + var query = params.q[0]; + $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query; + this.performSearch(query); + } + }, + + loadIndex : function(url) { + $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null, success: null, + dataType: "script", cache: true}); + }, + + setIndex : function(index) { + var q; + this._index = index; + if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) { + this._queued_query = null; + Search.query(q); + } + }, + + hasIndex : function() { + return this._index !== null; + }, + + deferQuery : function(query) { + this._queued_query = query; + }, + + stopPulse : function() { + this._pulse_status = 0; + }, + + startPulse : function() { + if (this._pulse_status >= 0) + return; + function pulse() { + Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4; + var dotString = ''; + for (var i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++) + dotString += '.'; + Search.dots.text(dotString); + if (Search._pulse_status > -1) + window.setTimeout(pulse, 500); + }; + pulse(); + }, + + /** + * perform a search for something + */ + performSearch : function(query) { + // create the required interface elements + this.out = $('#search-results'); + this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out); + this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title); + this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out); + this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out); + + $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...')); + this.startPulse(); + + // index already loaded, the browser was quick! + if (this.hasIndex()) + this.query(query); + else + this.deferQuery(query); + }, + + query : function(query) { + var stopwords = ["and","then","into","it","as","are","in","if","for","no","there","their","was","is","be","to","that","but","they","not","such","with","by","a","on","these","of","will","this","near","the","or","at"]; + + // Stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list + var stemmer = new Stemmer(); + var searchterms = []; + var excluded = []; + var hlterms = []; + var tmp = query.split(/\s+/); + var objectterms = []; + for (var i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) { + if (tmp[i] != "") { + objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase()); + } + + if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i]) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) || + tmp[i] == "") { + // skip this "word" + continue; + } + // stem the word + var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i]).toLowerCase(); + // select the correct list + if (word[0] == '-') { + var toAppend = excluded; + word = word.substr(1); + } + else { + var toAppend = searchterms; + hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase()); + } + // only add if not already in the list + if (!$.contains(toAppend, word)) + toAppend.push(word); + }; + var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" ")); + + // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:'); + // console.info('required: ', searchterms); + // console.info('excluded: ', excluded); + + // prepare search + var filenames = this._index.filenames; + var titles = this._index.titles; + var terms = this._index.terms; + var fileMap = {}; + var files = null; + // different result priorities + var importantResults = []; + var objectResults = []; + var regularResults = []; + var unimportantResults = []; + $('#search-progress').empty(); + + // lookup as object + for (var i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) { + var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0,i), + objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length)) + var results = this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others); + // Assume first word is most likely to be the object, + // other words more likely to be in description. + // Therefore put matches for earlier words first. + // (Results are eventually used in reverse order). + objectResults = results[0].concat(objectResults); + importantResults = results[1].concat(importantResults); + unimportantResults = results[2].concat(unimportantResults); + } + + // perform the search on the required terms + for (var i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) { + var word = searchterms[i]; + // no match but word was a required one + if ((files = terms[word]) == null) + break; + if (files.length == undefined) { + files = [files]; + } + // create the mapping + for (var j = 0; j < files.length; j++) { + var file = files[j]; + if (file in fileMap) + fileMap[file].push(word); + else + fileMap[file] = [word]; + } + } + + // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms + for (var file in fileMap) { + var valid = true; + + // check if all requirements are matched + if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length) + continue; + + // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the + // search result. + for (var i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) { + if (terms[excluded[i]] == file || + $.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) { + valid = false; + break; + } + } + + // if we have still a valid result we can add it + // to the result list + if (valid) + regularResults.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null]); + } + + // delete unused variables in order to not waste + // memory until list is retrieved completely + delete filenames, titles, terms; + + // now sort the regular results descending by title + regularResults.sort(function(a, b) { + var left = a[1].toLowerCase(); + var right = b[1].toLowerCase(); + return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0); + }); + + // combine all results + var results = unimportantResults.concat(regularResults) + .concat(objectResults).concat(importantResults); + + // print the results + var resultCount = results.length; + function displayNextItem() { + // results left, load the summary and display it + if (results.length) { + var item = results.pop(); + var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>'); + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX == '') { + // dirhtml builder + var dirname = item[0] + '/'; + if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) { + dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6); + } else if (dirname == 'index/') { + dirname = ''; + } + listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href', + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname + + highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1])); + } else { + // normal html builders + listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href', + item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX + + highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1])); + } + if (item[3]) { + listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>')); + Search.output.append(listItem); + listItem.slideDown(5, function() { + displayNextItem(); + }); + } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) { + $.get(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' + + item[0] + '.txt', function(data) { + if (data != '') { + listItem.append($.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms)); + Search.output.append(listItem); + } + listItem.slideDown(5, function() { + displayNextItem(); + }); + }, "text"); + } else { + // no source available, just display title + Search.output.append(listItem); + listItem.slideDown(5, function() { + displayNextItem(); + }); + } + } + // search finished, update title and status message + else { + Search.stopPulse(); + Search.title.text(_('Search Results')); + if (!resultCount) + Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.')); + else + Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount)); + Search.status.fadeIn(500); + } + } + displayNextItem(); + }, + + performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) { + var filenames = this._index.filenames; + var objects = this._index.objects; + var objnames = this._index.objnames; + var titles = this._index.titles; + + var importantResults = []; + var objectResults = []; + var unimportantResults = []; + + for (var prefix in objects) { + for (var name in objects[prefix]) { + var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name; + if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) { + var match = objects[prefix][name]; + var objname = objnames[match[1]][2]; + var title = titles[match[0]]; + // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be + // found in the name/title/description + if (otherterms.length > 0) { + var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' + + objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase(); + var allfound = true; + for (var i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) { + if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) { + allfound = false; + break; + } + } + if (!allfound) { + continue; + } + } + var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title; + anchor = match[3]; + if (anchor == '') + anchor = fullname; + else if (anchor == '-') + anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname; + result = [filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr]; + switch (match[2]) { + case 1: objectResults.push(result); break; + case 0: importantResults.push(result); break; + case 2: unimportantResults.push(result); break; + } + } + } + } + + // sort results descending + objectResults.sort(function(a, b) { + return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0); + }); + + importantResults.sort(function(a, b) { + return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0); + }); + + unimportantResults.sort(function(a, b) { + return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0); + }); + + return [importantResults, objectResults, unimportantResults] + } +} + +$(document).ready(function() { + Search.init(); +});
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+ </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Mock Library Comparison" href="compare.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="compare.html" title="Mock Library Comparison" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="changelog"> +<h1>CHANGELOG<a class="headerlink" href="#changelog" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0"> +<h2>2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>No changes since 1.0.0 beta 1. This version has feature parity with +<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a> +in Python 3.3.</p> +<p>Full list of changes since 0.8:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>mocksignature</cite>, along with the <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>, removed</li> +<li>Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an +<cite>AttributeError</cite>)</li> +<li>Added the <cite>mock_open</cite> helper function for mocking the builtin <cite>open</cite></li> +<li><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable, so a mock can pass an <cite>isinstance</cite> check without +requiring a spec</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>PropertyMock</cite>, for mocking properties</li> +<li><cite>MagicMocks</cite> made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison +methods (other than equality and inequality) now return <cite>NotImplemented</cite></li> +<li>Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of <cite>_patch</cite> by other +libraries</li> +<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> works with attributes present in results of <cite>dir</cite> that +can’t be fetched from the object’s class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov</li> +<li>Any exceptions in an iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> will be raised instead of +returned</li> +<li>In Python 3, <cite>create_autospec</cite> now supports keyword only arguments</li> +<li>Added <cite>patch.stopall</cite> method to stop all active patches created by <cite>start</cite></li> +<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>MagicMock.reset_mock</cite> wouldn’t reset magic method mocks</li> +<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>reset_mock</cite> on a <cite>MagicMock</cite> created with autospec could +raise an exception</li> +<li>BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (<cite>spec</cite> , <cite>spec_set</cite> and +<cite>autospec</cite>) had unpredictable results, now it is an error</li> +<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec=True</cite> <em>and</em> <cite>create=True</cite> as arguments to patchers could +result in using <cite>DEFAULT</cite> as the spec. Now it is an error instead</li> +<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>autospec</cite> arguments to patchers, along with +<cite>spec_set=True</cite> did not work correctly</li> +<li>BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored</li> +<li>BUGFIX: a list as the <cite>spec</cite> argument to a patcher would always result in a +non-callable mock. Now if <cite>__call__</cite> is in the spec the mock is callable</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-beta-1"> +<h2>2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Added <cite>patch.stopall</cite> method to stop all active patches created by <cite>start</cite></li> +<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>MagicMock.reset_mock</cite> wouldn’t reset magic method mocks</li> +<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>reset_mock</cite> on a <cite>MagicMock</cite> created with autospec could +raise an exception</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-alpha-2"> +<h2>2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>PropertyMock</cite> attributes are now standard <cite>MagicMocks</cite></li> +<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> works with attributes present in results of <cite>dir</cite> that +can’t be fetched from the object’s class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov</li> +<li>Any exceptions in an iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> will be raised instead of +returned</li> +<li>In Python 3, <cite>create_autospec</cite> now supports keyword only arguments</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-alpha-1"> +<h2>2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>The standard library version!</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>mocksignature</cite>, along with the <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>, removed</li> +<li>Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an +<cite>AttributeError</cite>)</li> +<li>Added the <cite>mock_open</cite> helper function for mocking the builtin <cite>open</cite></li> +<li><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable, so a mock can pass an <cite>isinstance</cite> check without +requiring a spec</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>PropertyMock</cite>, for mocking properties</li> +<li><cite>MagicMocks</cite> made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison +methods (other than equality and inequality) now return <cite>NotImplemented</cite></li> +<li>Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of <cite>_patch</cite> by other +libraries</li> +<li>BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (<cite>spec</cite> , <cite>spec_set</cite> and +<cite>autospec</cite>) had unpredictable results, now it is an error</li> +<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec=True</cite> <em>and</em> <cite>create=True</cite> as arguments to patchers could +result in using <cite>DEFAULT</cite> as the spec. Now it is an error instead</li> +<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>autospec</cite> arguments to patchers, along with +<cite>spec_set=True</cite> did not work correctly</li> +<li>BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored</li> +<li>BUGFIX: a list as the <cite>spec</cite> argument to a patcher would always result in a +non-callable mock. Now if <cite>__call__</cite> is in the spec the mock is callable</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0"> +<h2>2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>The only changes since 0.8rc2 are:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Improved repr of <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> objects</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a> can be used for comparisons against <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects</li> +<li>The return value of <cite>MagicMock.__iter__</cite> method can be set to +any iterable and isn’t required to be an iterator</li> +</ul> +<p>Full List of changes since 0.7:</p> +<p>mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> list for <em>all</em> calls (including magic +methods and chained calls)</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a> now create a <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> +instead of a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> by default</li> +<li>The patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>), plus <cite>Mock</cite> and +<cite>MagicMock</cite>, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration</li> +<li>New mock method <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> for setting attributes and +return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes</li> +<li>New mock assert methods <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_any_call()</span></tt></a> and +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a></li> +<li>Implemented <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a> (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with +mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to +<cite>patch</cite></li> +<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function for manually creating +‘auto-specced’ mocks</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.multiple" title="mock.patch.multiple"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.multiple()</span></tt></a> for doing multiple patches in a single call, using +keyword arguments</li> +<li>Setting <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to an iterable will cause calls to the mock +to return the next value from the iterable</li> +<li>New <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> allowing you to +pass in a class or callable object (instead of <cite>MagicMock</cite>) that will be +called to replace the object being patched</li> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a>, mocks +without a <cite>__call__</cite> method</li> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_add_spec()</span></tt></a> method for adding (or changing) a +spec on an existing mock</li> +<li>Protocol methods on <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> are magic mocks, and are created +lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is +a <cite>MagicMock</cite> instead of a <cite>Mock</cite> as it was previously</li> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> method</li> +<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a> for ignoring arguments in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> +calls</li> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> helper object</li> +<li>Improved repr for mocks</li> +<li>Improved repr for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.call_args</span></tt></a> and entries in +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.call_args_list</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.method_calls</span></tt></a> and +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.mock_calls</span></tt></a></li> +<li>Improved repr for <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> objects</li> +<li><cite>patch</cite> lookup is done at use time not at decoration time</li> +<li>In Python 2.6 or more recent, <cite>dir</cite> on a mock will report all the dynamically +created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as +well as all the mock methods and attributes.</li> +<li>Module level <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> added to control whether <cite>dir(mock)</cite> filters +private attributes. <cite>True</cite> by default.</li> +<li><cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when +used to decorate a class</li> +<li>Support for using Java exceptions as a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> on Jython</li> +<li><cite>Mock</cite> call lists (<cite>call_args_list</cite>, <cite>method_calls</cite> & <cite>mock_calls</cite>) are now +custom list objects that allow membership tests for “sub lists” and have +a nicer representation if you <cite>str</cite> or <cite>print</cite> them</li> +<li>Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls +recorded in <cite>method_calls</cite> and <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent (unless a name is +already set on the child)</li> +<li>Improved failure messages for <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and +<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite></li> +<li>The return value of the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> <cite>__iter__</cite> method can be set to +any iterable and isn’t required to be an iterator</li> +<li>Added the Mock API (<cite>assert_called_with</cite> etc) to functions created by +<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature()</span></tt></li> +<li>Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for <cite>spec</cite> & +<cite>spec_set</cite> arguments</li> +<li>Calling <cite>stop</cite> on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error +message</li> +<li>Renamed the internal classes <cite>Sentinel</cite> and <cite>SentinelObject</cite> to prevent abuse</li> +<li>BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won’t leave +patches in place</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>__truediv__</cite> and <cite>__rtruediv__</cite> not available as magic methods on +mocks in Python 3</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>assert_called_with</cite> / <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> can be used with +<cite>self</cite> as a keyword argument</li> +<li>BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a +boolean) it applies “spec inheritance” to the return value of the created +mock (the “instance”)</li> +<li>BUGFIX: remove the <cite>__unittest</cite> marker causing traceback truncation</li> +<li>Removal of deprecated <cite>patch_object</cite></li> +<li>Private attributes <cite>_name</cite>, <cite>_methods</cite>, ‘_children’, <cite>_wraps</cite> and <cite>_parent</cite> +(etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.</li> +<li>Added license file to the distribution</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2"> +<h2>2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Removed the <cite>configure</cite> keyword argument to <cite>create_autospec</cite> and allow +arbitrary keyword arguments (for the <cite>Mock</cite> constructor) instead</li> +<li>Fixed <cite>ANY</cite> equality with some types in <cite>assert_called_with</cite> calls</li> +<li>Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with +<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">readthedocs.org</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1"> +<h2>2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> on the return value of a mocked class will use <cite>__call__</cite> +for the signature rather than <cite>__init__</cite></li> +<li>Performance improvement instantiating <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>MagicMock</cite></li> +<li>Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of +being hardcoded to <cite>MagicMock</cite></li> +</ul> +<p>Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving +performance in this release.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-4"> +<h2>2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>patch</cite> lookup is done at use time not at decoration time</li> +<li>When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded +in mock_calls</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>attach_mock</cite> method</li> +<li>Renamed the internal classes <cite>Sentinel</cite> and <cite>SentinelObject</cite> to prevent abuse</li> +<li>BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock +return value to be itself etc)</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-3"> +<h2>2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls +recorded in <cite>method_calls</cite> and <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent (unless a name is +already set on the child)</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>mock_add_spec</cite> method for adding (or changing) a spec on an +existing mock</li> +<li>Improved repr for <cite>Mock.call_args</cite> and entries in <cite>Mock.call_args_list</cite>, +<cite>Mock.method_calls</cite> and <cite>Mock.mock_calls</cite></li> +<li>Improved repr for mocks</li> +<li>BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way <cite>mock_calls</cite> is worked out, +especially for “intermediate” mocks in a call chain</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-2"> +<h2>2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return +the next value from the iterable</li> +<li>Added <cite>assert_any_call</cite> method</li> +<li>Moved <cite>assert_has_calls</cite> from call lists onto mocks</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>call_args</cite> and all members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are two tuples of +<cite>(args, kwargs)</cite> again instead of three tuples of <cite>(name, args, kwargs)</cite></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-1"> +<h2>2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when +used to decorate a class</li> +<li><cite>Mock</cite> call lists (<cite>call_args_list</cite>, <cite>method_calls</cite> & <cite>mock_calls</cite>) are now +custom list objects that allow membership tests for “sub lists” and have +an <cite>assert_has_calls</cite> method for unordered call checks</li> +<li><cite>callargs</cite> changed to <em>always</em> be a three-tuple of <cite>(name, args, kwargs)</cite></li> +<li>Addition of <cite>mock_calls</cite> list for <em>all</em> calls (including magic methods and +chained calls)</li> +<li>Extension of <cite>call</cite> object to support chained calls and <cite>callargs</cite> for better +comparisons with or without names. <cite>call</cite> object has a <cite>call_list</cite> method for +chained calls</li> +<li>Added the public <cite>instance</cite> argument to <cite>create_autospec</cite></li> +<li>Support for using Java exceptions as a <cite>side_effect</cite> on Jython</li> +<li>Improved failure messages for <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and +<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite></li> +<li>Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for <cite>spec</cite> & +<cite>spec_set</cite> arguments</li> +<li>BUGFIX: Fixed bug in <cite>patch.multiple</cite> for argument passing when creating +mocks</li> +<li>Added license file to the distribution</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-alpha-2"> +<h2>2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><cite>patch.multiple</cite> for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword +arguments</li> +<li>New <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> allowing you to +pass in a class or callable object (instead of <cite>MagicMock</cite>) that will be +called to replace the object being patched</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>NonCallableMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite>, mocks without a +<cite>__call__</cite> method</li> +<li>Mocks created by <cite>patch</cite> have a <cite>MagicMock</cite> as the <cite>return_value</cite> where a +class is being patched</li> +<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects. +<cite>return_value</cite> mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has +a <cite>__call__</cite> method</li> +<li><cite>autospec</cite> creates a <cite>MagicMock</cite> without a spec for properties and slot +descriptors, because we don’t know the type of object they return</li> +<li>Removed the “inherit” argument from <cite>create_autospec</cite></li> +<li>Calling <cite>stop</cite> on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error +message</li> +<li>BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won’t leave +patches in place</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>__truediv__</cite> and <cite>__rtruediv__</cite> not available as magic methods on +mocks in Python 3</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>assert_called_with</cite> / <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> can be used with +<cite>self</cite> as a keyword argument</li> +<li>BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that +isn’t the first argument no longer broken</li> +<li>BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a +boolean) it applies “spec inheritance” to the return value of the created +mock (the “instance”)</li> +<li>BUGFIX: remove the <cite>__unittest</cite> marker causing traceback truncation</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-alpha-1"> +<h2>2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.</p> +<ul> +<li><p class="first">The patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>), plus <cite>Mock</cite> and +<cite>MagicMock</cite>, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">New mock method <cite>configure_mock</cite> for setting attributes and return values / +side effects on the mock and its attributes</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">In Python 2.6 or more recent, <cite>dir</cite> on a mock will report all the dynamically +created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as +well as all the mock methods and attributes.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Module level <cite>FILTER_DIR</cite> added to control whether <cite>dir(mock)</cite> filters +private attributes. <cite>True</cite> by default. Note that <cite>vars(Mock())</cite> can still be +used to get all instance attributes and <cite>dir(type(Mock())</cite> will still return +all the other attributes (irrespective of <cite>FILTER_DIR</cite>)</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> now create a <cite>MagicMock</cite> instead of a <cite>Mock</cite> by +default</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Added <cite>ANY</cite> for ignoring arguments in <cite>assert_called_with</cite> calls</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Addition of <cite>call</cite> helper object</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Protocol methods on <cite>MagicMock</cite> are magic mocks, and are created lazily on +first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a +MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Added the Mock API (<cite>assert_called_with</cite> etc) to functions created by +<cite>mocksignature</cite></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Private attributes <cite>_name</cite>, <cite>_methods</cite>, ‘_children’, <cite>_wraps</cite> and <cite>_parent</cite> +(etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked +signatures for functions/methods)</p> +<p>Limitations:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Doesn’t mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the +magic methods are <em>there</em>, they just don’t have the signature mocked nor +are attributes followed)</li> +<li>Doesn’t mock function / method attributes</li> +<li>Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so +properties etc may be triggered</li> +<li>The return value of mocked classes (the ‘instance’) has the same call +signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec)</li> +</ul> +<p>You create auto-specced mocks by passing <cite>autospec=True</cite> to <cite>patch</cite>.</p> +<p>Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a +spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is +typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other +type, and as we don’t know what type that may be we allow all access.</p> +<p>Note that the <cite>autospec</cite> option to <cite>patch</cite> obsoletes the <cite>mocksignature</cite> +option.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Added the <cite>create_autospec</cite> function for manually creating ‘auto-specced’ +mocks</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Removal of deprecated <cite>patch_object</cite></p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-2"> +<h2>2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs</li> +<li>BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the +default equality / inequality. This is done through a <cite>side_effect</cite> on +the mocks used for <cite>__eq__</cite> / <cite>__ne__</cite></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-1"> +<h2>2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes.</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Include template in package</li> +<li>Use isolated binaries for the tox tests</li> +<li>Unset executable bit on docs</li> +<li>Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0"> +<h2>2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish +new <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/">Sphinx theme</a>.</p> +<p>The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Python 3 compatibility</li> +<li>Ability to mock magic methods with <cite>Mock</cite> and addition of <cite>MagicMock</cite> +with pre-created magic methods</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>mocksignature</cite> and <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and +<cite>patch.object</cite></li> +<li>Addition of <cite>patch.dict</cite> for changing dictionaries during a test</li> +<li>Ability to use <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> as class decorators</li> +<li>Renamed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> to <cite>patch.object</cite> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> is +deprecated)</li> +<li>Addition of soft comparisons: <cite>call_args</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite> +now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args +or kwargs are skipped</li> +<li>patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>) have start and stop +methods</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> method</li> +<li>Mocks can now be named (<cite>name</cite> argument to constructor) and the name is used +in the repr</li> +<li>repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec</li> +<li><cite>assert_called_with</cite> works with <cite>python -OO</cite></li> +<li>New <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword argument to <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>patch</cite>. If used, +attempting to <em>set</em> an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an +<cite>AttributeError</cite></li> +<li>Mocks created with a spec can now pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests (<cite>__class__</cite> +returns the type of the spec)</li> +<li>Added docstrings to all objects</li> +<li>Improved failure message for <cite>Mock.assert_called_with</cite> when the mock +has not been called at all</li> +<li>Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and <cite>__module__</cite> +preserved on Python 2.4.</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mock.patch</cite> now works correctly with certain types of objects that +proxy attribute access, like the django settings object</li> +<li>BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and +diagnosing this)</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>spec=True</cite> works with old style classes</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help(mock)</span></tt> works now (on the module). Can no longer use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></tt> +as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and +diagnosing this)</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> now works with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></tt> exceptions like +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>reset_mock</cite> caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own +return value</li> +<li>BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly</li> +<li>with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4</li> +<li>Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run</li> +<li>Tested with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox">tox</a> on Python 2.4 - 3.2, +jython and pypy (excluding 3.0)</li> +<li>Added ‘build_sphinx’ command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute) +Thanks to Florian Bauer</li> +<li>Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control</li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/">Konrad Delong</a> added as co-maintainer</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-rc-1"> +<h2>2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-rc-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Changes since beta 4:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1</li> +<li>Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and <cite>__module__</cite> +preserved on Python 2.4</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mock.patch</cite> now works correctly with certain types of objects that +proxy attribute access, like the django settings object</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>reset_mock</cite> caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own +return value</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-4"> +<h2>2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>) have start and stop +methods</li> +<li>Addition of <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> method</li> +<li>repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec</li> +<li><cite>assert_called_with</cite> works with <cite>python -OO</cite></li> +<li>New <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword argument to <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>patch</cite>. If used, +attempting to <em>set</em> an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an +<cite>AttributeError</cite></li> +<li>Attributes and return value of a <cite>MagicMock</cite> are <cite>MagicMock</cite> objects</li> +<li>Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an <cite>AttributeError</cite></li> +<li><cite>patch.dict</cite> works as a class decorator</li> +<li>Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control</li> +<li>BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and +diagnosing this)</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>spec=True</cite> works with old style classes</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mocksignature=True</cite> can now patch instance methods via +<cite>patch.object</cite></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-3"> +<h2>2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Using spec with <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> only pre-creates magic methods in the spec</li> +<li>Setting a magic method on a mock with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spec</span></tt> can only be done if the +spec has that method</li> +<li>Mocks can now be named (<cite>name</cite> argument to constructor) and the name is used +in the repr</li> +<li><cite>mocksignature</cite> can now be used with classes (signature based on <cite>__init__</cite>) +and callable objects (signature based on <cite>__call__</cite>)</li> +<li>Mocks created with a spec can now pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests (<cite>__class__</cite> +returns the type of the spec)</li> +<li>Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the +MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False)</li> +<li>Improved failure message for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> when the mock +has not been called at all</li> +<li>Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods:<ul> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getformat__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setformat__</span></tt></li> +<li>pickle methods</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__trunc__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ceil__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floor__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Added ‘build_sphinx’ command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute) +Thanks to Florian Bauer</li> +<li>with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4</li> +<li>Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7</li> +<li>Improved several docstrings and documentation</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-2"> +<h2>2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> works as a context manager as well as a decorator</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict</span></tt> takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary +object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict</span></tt> restores dictionary even when an exception is raised</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-1"> +<h2>2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Addition of <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature()</span></tt></li> +<li>Ability to mock magic methods</li> +<li>Ability to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object</span></tt> as class decorators</li> +<li>Renamed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> to <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> is +deprecated)</li> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class with all magic methods pre-created for you</li> +<li>Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 & 3.1 as +well)</li> +<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for changing dictionaries during a test</li> +<li>Addition of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature</span></tt> argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help(mock)</span></tt> works now (on the module). Can no longer use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></tt> +as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and +diagnosing this)</li> +<li>Addition of soft comparisons: <cite>call_args</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite> +now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args +or kwargs are skipped</li> +<li>Added docstrings.</li> +<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> now works with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></tt> exceptions like +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></li> +<li>BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly</li> +<li>The tests now require <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> +to run</li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/">Konrad Delong</a> added as co-maintainer</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-6-0"> +<h2>2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-6-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>New test layout compatible with test discovery</li> +<li>Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and +restored correctly</li> +<li>Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> to an +exception class or instance</li> +<li>Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if +an explicit return_value is set</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-5-0"> +<h2>2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-5-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Made DEFAULT part of the public api.</li> +<li>Documentation built with Sphinx.</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and +if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.return_value</span></tt>.</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wraps</span></tt> keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object).</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.reset</span></tt> renamed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.reset_mock</span></tt>, as reset is a common API name.</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> / <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> are now context managers and can be used with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>.</li> +<li>A new ‘create’ keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch +(and unpatch) attributes that don’t exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow +you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn’t exist - use at +your own risk!)</li> +<li>The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec +argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from.</li> +<li>Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed +in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix.</li> +<li>patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is +passed in as ‘True’ then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing +as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return +value for the mock will also use the class as a spec.</li> +<li>A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes +(they will raise an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt> instead).</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-4-0"> +<h2>2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-4-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul> +<li><p class="first">Default return value is now a new mock rather than None</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">New method ‘assert_called_with’</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Added ‘side_effect’ attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">patch decorator split into two decorators:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> which takes an object and an attribute name to patch +(plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object)</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form +‘package.module.Class.attribute’. (plus optionally a value to +patch with which defaults to a mock object)</li> +</ul> +</div></blockquote> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Can now patch objects with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first">Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets +call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and +the return value if it is a mock).</p> +</li> +</ul> +<p>Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-3-1"> +<h2>2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-3-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose +test autodiscovery.</p> +<p>Tests decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> that use the two argument form (implicit mock +creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments.</p> +<p>Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-3-0"> +<h2>2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-3-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Removed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> can now take a string as the first +argument for patching modules.</p> +<p>The third argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> is optional - a mock will be created by +default if it is not passed in.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-2-1"> +<h2>2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-2-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-2-0"> +<h2>2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-2-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spec</span></tt> keyword argument for creating <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> objects from a +specification object.</p> +<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt> monkey patching decorators.</p> +<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt> for convenient access to unique objects.</p> +<p>Distribution includes unit tests.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="version-0-1-0"> +<h2>2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Initial release.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="todo-and-limitations"> +<h1>TODO and Limitations<a class="headerlink" href="#todo-and-limitations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed!</p> +<p>Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue tracker</a></li> +</ul> +</div></blockquote> +<p><cite>wraps</cite> is not integrated with magic methods.</p> +<p><cite>patch</cite> could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the +destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be +unsafe for IronPython & PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors). +Destructors aren’t called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak +reference with a callback can be used to get round this.</p> +<p><cite>Mock</cite> has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects +that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods +that <em>hide</em> these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these +attributes are renamed to gain a <cite>_mock</cite> prefix, making it less likely that +they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven’t been modified with +the prefix should be changed.</p> +<p>If a patch is started using <cite>patch.start</cite> and then not stopped correctly then +the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to +detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This +would be tricky to get right though.</p> +<p>When a <cite>Mock</cite> is created by <cite>patch</cite>, arbitrary keywords can be used to set +attributes. If <cite>patch</cite> is created with a <cite>spec</cite>, and is replacing a class, then +a <cite>return_value</cite> mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the +child mock, but could be.</p> +<p>When mocking a class with <cite>patch</cite>, passing in <cite>spec=True</cite> or <cite>autospec=True</cite>, +the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the +default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec +from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword +argument (<cite>inherit</cite>) to the Mock constructor? <cite>create_autospec</cite> does this, so +an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary.</p> +<p>The <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> with a non <cite>Mock</cite> passed into +<cite>new_callable</cite> will <em>probably</em> cause an error. Should it just be invalid?</p> +<p>Note that <cite>NonCallableMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite> still have the unused +(and unusable) attributes: <cite>return_value</cite>, <cite>side_effect</cite>, <cite>call_count</cite>, +<cite>call_args</cite> and <cite>call_args_list</cite>. These could be removed or raise errors on +getting / setting. They also have the <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and +<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> methods. Removing these would be pointless as +fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without +error.</p> +<p>Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function +signatures was copied and modified from <cite>mocksignature</cite>. This could all be +refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if +patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a <cite>patch.multiple</cite> +call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should +be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a +module.)</p> +<p>Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to <cite>create_autospec</cite>, or <cite>patch</cite> with +<cite>autospec</cite>, when mocking a <em>function</em> works fine. However, the arbitrary +attributes are set on the created mock - but <cite>create_autospec</cite> returns a +real function (which doesn’t have those attributes). However, what is the use +case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don’t exist +on the original?</p> +<p><cite>mocksignature</cite>, plus the <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite> attributes of +<cite>Mock</cite> could all be deprecated.</p> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">CHANGELOG</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="compare.html" + title="previous chapter">Mock Library Comparison</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/changelog.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="compare.html" title="Mock Library Comparison" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/compare.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/compare.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfc9d519a --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/compare.html @@ -0,0 +1,672 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Mock Library Comparison — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="CHANGELOG" href="changelog.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Further Examples" href="examples.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="changelog.html" title="CHANGELOG" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="examples.html" title="Further Examples" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="mock-library-comparison"> +<h1>Mock Library Comparison<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-library-comparison" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and +some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.</p> +<p>These are:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock">flexmock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox">mox</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://niemeyer.net/mocker">Mocker</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus">dingus</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge">fudge</a></li> +</ul> +<p>Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock">MiniMock</a>.</p> +<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pmock.sourceforge.net/">pMock</a> (last release 2004 and doesn’t import +in recent versions of Python) and +<a class="reference external" href="http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/">python-mock</a> (last release 2005) are +intentionally omitted.</p> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p>A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock +examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this +comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:</p> +<ul class="last simple"> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Python Mock Library Comparison</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<p>This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic +for all the libraries represented. <em>Please</em> contribute corrections, missing +comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue +tracker</a>.</p> +<p>This comparison page was originally created by the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison">Mox project</a> and then extended for +<a class="reference external" href="http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html">flexmock and mock</a> by +Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by <a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Gary Bernhadt</a>. fudge examples +provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://farmdev.com/">Kumar McMillan</a>.</p> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p>The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking +<em>framework</em> rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally +exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make +harder. In particular you can take a <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> object and use +it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also +true for Dingus.</p> +<p class="last">The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="simple-fake-object"> +<h2>Simple fake object<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-fake-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"calculated value"</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"calculated value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="simple-mock"> +<h2>Simple mock<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"value"</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_method"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> +<span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="creating-partial-mocks"> +<h2>Creating partial mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-partial-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_method"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Get</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"<fudge-value>"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patched_context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fake</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"<fudge-value>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order"> +<h2>Ensure calls are made in specific order<a class="headerlink" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method1()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method2()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()])</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order</span><span class="p">():</span> + <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">])</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remember_order</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> +<span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected</span>: <span class="n">#1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions"> +<h2>Raising exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_method"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndRaise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">throw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exception_raiser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">)))</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> +<span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">SomeException</span>: <span class="n">message</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="override-new-instances-of-a-class"> +<h2>Override new instances of a class<a class="headerlink" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'somemodule.Someclass'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_other_object</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Someclass</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_instances</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="c"># (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mox</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StubOutWithMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'SomeClass'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">use_mock_anything</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">klass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">klass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'expected'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'args'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'somemodule.SomeClass'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'somemodule.SomeClass'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="call-the-same-method-multiple-times"> +<h2>Call the same method multiple times<a class="headerlink" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last">You don’t need to do <em>any</em> configuration to call <cite>mock.Mock()</cite> methods +multiple times. Attributes like <cite>call_count</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and +<cite>method_calls</cite> provide various different ways of making assertions about +how the mock was used.</p> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="mi">2</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)</span> +<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">at_least</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">twice</span> + +<span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="c"># (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="c"># (TODO)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Dingus ...></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_method'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> +<span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mock-chained-methods"> +<h2>Mock chained methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-chained-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some value'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span> +<span class="c"># (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects</span> +<span class="c"># and can be called with any arguments)</span> +<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span> + <span class="s">'method1.method2.method3'</span> +<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Mox</span> +<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mock3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some_value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"some_value"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VerifyAll</span><span class="p">()</span> + +<span class="c"># Mocker</span> +<span class="c"># (TODO)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some value'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_fake</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'method3'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-a-context-manager"> +<h2>Mocking a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are "magic mocks")</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__enter__'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__exit__'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager"> +<h2>Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Example for mock only (so far):</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some data'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> +<span class="go">'some data'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><em>or</em>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some data'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> +<span class="go">'some data'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">file_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">file_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some data'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> +<span class="go">'some data'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'()'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># fudge</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">contextmanager</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@contextmanager</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fake_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sekrets'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fake_file</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/etc/password'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go">fake:__builtin__.open</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> +<span class="go">'sekrets'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="examples.html" + title="previous chapter">Further Examples</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="changelog.html" + title="next chapter">CHANGELOG</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/compare.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script 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When a mock is called for +the first time, or you fetch its <cite>return_value</cite> before it has been called, a +new <cite>Mock</cite> is created.</p> +<p>This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked +object has been used by interrogating the <cite>return_value</cite> mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock().foo()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about +chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more +testable way in the first place...</p> +<p>So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BackendProvider</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_endpoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foobar'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'spam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_call</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="c"># more code</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Assuming that <cite>BackendProvider</cite> is already well tested, how do we test +<cite>method()</cite>? Specifically, we want to test that the code section <cite># more +code</cite> uses the response object in the correct way.</p> +<p>As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch +the <cite>backend</cite> attribute on a <cite>Something</cite> instance. In this particular case +we are only interested in the return value from the final call to +<cite>start_call</cite> so we don’t have much configuration to do. Let’s assume the +object it returns is ‘file-like’, so we’ll ensure that our response object +uses the builtin <cite>file</cite> as its <cite>spec</cite>.</p> +<p>To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock +response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final +<cite>start_call</cite> we could do this:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><cite>mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response</cite>.</div></blockquote> +<p>We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> +method to directly set the return value for us:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock_response</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>With these we monkey patch the “mock backend” in place and can make the real +call:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock_backend</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Using <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> we can check the chained call with a single +assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be +several entries in <cite>mock_calls</cite>. We can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call.call_list" title="mock.call.call_list"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">call.call_list()</span></tt></a> to create +this list of calls for us:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">chained</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_endpoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foobar'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'spam'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_call</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">call_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">chained</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mock_backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">call_list</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="partial-mocking"> +<h2>Partial mocking<a class="headerlink" href="#partial-mocking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today">datetime.date.today()</a> to return +a known date, but I didn’t want to prevent the code under test from +creating new date objects. Unfortunately <cite>datetime.date</cite> is written in C, and +so I couldn’t just monkey-patch out the static <cite>date.today</cite> method.</p> +<p>I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date +class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real +class (and returning real instances).</p> +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span> <span class="pre">decorator</span></tt></a> is used here to +mock out the <cite>date</cite> class in the module under test. The <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> +attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns +a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be +constructed and returned by <cite>side_effect</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">date</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.date'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2010</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2010</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2009</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2009</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Note that we don’t patch <cite>datetime.date</cite> globally, we patch <cite>date</cite> in the +module that <em>uses</em> it. See <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p> +<p>When <cite>date.today()</cite> is called a known date is returned, but calls to the +<cite>date(...)</cite> constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find +yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same +algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern.</p> +<p>Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the <cite>mock_date</cite> attributes +(<cite>call_count</cite> and friends) which may also be useful for your tests.</p> +<p>An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes, +is discussed in <a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">this blog entry</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-a-generator-method"> +<h2>Mocking a Generator Method<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-generator-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>A Python generator is a function or method that uses the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">yield statement</a> to +return a series of values when iterated over <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id2">[1]</a>.</p> +<p>A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is +the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for +iteration is <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__">__iter__</a>, so we can +mock this using a <cite>MagicMock</cite>.</p> +<p>Here’s an example class with an “iter” method implemented as a generator:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">i</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="go">[1, 2, 3]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>How would we mock this class, and in particular its “iter” method?</p> +<p>To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to +<cite>list</cite>), we need to configure the object returned by the call to <cite>foo.iter()</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="go">[1, 2, 3]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>There are also generator expressions and more <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html">advanced uses</a> of generators, but we aren’t +concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how +powerful they are is: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/">Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers</a>.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<div class="section" id="applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method"> +<h2>Applying the same patch to every test method<a class="headerlink" href="#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way +is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary +repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use <cite>patch</cite> (in all its +various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test +methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start +with <cite>test</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.SomeClass'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">not_a_test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'something'</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_one'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_one</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_two'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_two</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_two'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">not_a_test</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">'something'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>An alternative way of managing patches is to use the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#start-and-stop"><em>patch methods: start and stop</em></a>. +These allow you to move the patching into your <cite>setUp</cite> and <cite>tearDown</cite> methods.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_foo'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is “undone” by +calling <cite>stop</cite>. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an +exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> cleanup functions make this simpler:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_foo'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-unbound-methods"> +<h2>Mocking Unbound Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-unbound-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an <em>unbound method</em> (patching the +method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed +in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects +were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can’t patch with a +mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn’t +become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn’t get +self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real +function instead. The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator makes it so simple to +patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a +nuisance.</p> +<p>If you pass <cite>autospec=True</cite> to patch then it does the patching with a +<em>real</em> function object. This function object has the same signature as the one +it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your +mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is +that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked +function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance. +It will have <cite>self</cite> passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I +wanted:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autospec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go">'foo'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If we don’t use <cite>autospec=True</cite> then the unbound method is patched out +with a Mock instance instead, and isn’t called with <cite>self</cite>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="checking-multiple-calls-with-mock"> +<h2>Checking multiple calls with mock<a class="headerlink" href="#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If your mock is only being called once you can use the +<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt> method that also asserts that the +<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_count</span></tt> is one.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Both <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> make assertions about +the <em>most recent</em> call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and +you want to make assertions about <em>all</em> those calls you can use +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> +<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You +can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to <cite>call_args_list</cite>. This +looks remarkably similar to the repr of the <cite>call_args_list</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="coping-with-mutable-arguments"> +<h2>Coping with mutable arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#coping-with-mutable-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with +mutable arguments. <cite>call_args</cite> and <cite>call_args_list</cite> store <em>references</em> to the +arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no +longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called.</p> +<p>Here’s some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions +defined in ‘mymodule’:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">frob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="k">pass</span> + +<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="s">"First frob and then clear val"</span> + <span class="n">frob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">val</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>When we try to test that <cite>grob</cite> calls <cite>frob</cite> with the correct argument look +what happens:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.frob'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">val</span> +<span class="go">set([])</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">((set([6]),), {})</span> +<span class="go">Called with: ((set([]),), {})</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This +could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity +for equality.</p> +<p>Here’s one solution that uses the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> +functionality. If you provide a <cite>side_effect</cite> function for a mock then +<cite>side_effect</cite> will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an +opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this +example I’m using <em>another</em> mock to store the arguments so that I can use the +mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for +me.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">copy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">copy_call_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.frob'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">copy_call_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> +<span class="go">call(set([6]))</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>copy_call_args</cite> is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new +mock that we do the assertion on. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function makes a copy of +the args and calls our <cite>new_mock</cite> with the copy.</p> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p>If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of +checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the +checking inside a <cite>side_effect</cite> function.</p> +<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<p>An alternative approach is to create a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> that +copies (using <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy">copy.deepcopy</a>) the arguments. +Here’s an example implementation:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">copy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected call</span>: <span class="n">mock(set([1]))</span> +<span class="go">Actual call: mock(set([]))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> +<span class="go"><CopyingMock name='mock.foo' id='...'></span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>When you subclass <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> all dynamically created attributes, +and the <cite>return_value</cite> will use your subclass automatically. That means all +children of a <cite>CopyingMock</cite> will also have the type <cite>CopyingMock</cite>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access"> +<h2>Raising exceptions on attribute access<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>You can use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.PropertyMock" title="mock.PropertyMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PropertyMock</span></tt></a> to mimic the behaviour of properties. This +includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed.</p> +<p>Here’s an example raising a <cite>ValueError</cite> when the ‘foo’ attribute is accessed:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><pre>>>> m = MagicMock() +>>> p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError) +>>> type(m).foo = p +>>> m.foo +Traceback (most recent call last): +.... +ValueError</pre> +</div> +<p>Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock +class you’re using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can +safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact) +to <cite>type(mock)</cite> without affecting other mock objects.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="multiple-calls-with-different-effects"> +<h2>Multiple calls with different effects<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-calls-with-different-effects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last">In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> was changed. Any +exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned.</p> +</div> +<p>Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the +test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise +an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second +call (testing retry behaviour).</p> +<p>One approach is to use a <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> function that replaces itself. The +first time it is called the <cite>side_effect</cite> sets a new <cite>side_effect</cite> that will +be used for the second call. It then raises an exception:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">second_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'response'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">second_call</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'boom'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">boom</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'response'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the +return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">returns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'boom'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'response'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">returns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">result</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'first'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">boom</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'response'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'second'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually +a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="nesting-patches"> +<h2>Nesting Patches<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-patches" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you +can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the +right:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Bar'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Spam'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bar</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Spam</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_foo'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> <cite>cleanup</cite> functions and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#start-and-stop"><em>patch methods: start and stop</em></a> we can +achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper +method, <cite>create_patch</cite>, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock +for us:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">thing</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Bar'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Spam'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bar</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Spam</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_foo'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock"> +<h2>Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all +access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary.</p> +<p>We can do this with <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>, which will behave like a dictionary, +and using <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to delegate dictionary access to a real +underlying dictionary that is under our control.</p> +<p>When the <cite>__getitem__</cite> and <cite>__setitem__</cite> methods of our <cite>MagicMock</cite> are called +(normal dictionary access) then <cite>side_effect</cite> is called with the key (and in +the case of <cite>__setitem__</cite> the value too). We can also control what is returned.</p> +<p>After the <cite>MagicMock</cite> has been used we can use attributes like +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a> to assert about how the dictionary was used:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getitem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">my_dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setitem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getitem</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">setitem</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p>An alternative to using <cite>MagicMock</cite> is to use <cite>Mock</cite> and <em>only</em> provide +the magic methods you specifically want:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getitem</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">setitem</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>A <em>third</em> option is to use <cite>MagicMock</cite> but passing in <cite>dict</cite> as the <cite>spec</cite> +(or <cite>spec_set</cite>) argument so that the <cite>MagicMock</cite> created only has +dictionary magic methods available:</p> +<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getitem</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">setitem</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<p>With these side effect functions in place, the <cite>mock</cite> will behave like a normal +dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a <cite>KeyError</cite> if you try +to access a key that doesn’t exist.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="go">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'d'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">'d'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'d'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'eggs'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="go">'fish'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'d'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="go">'eggs'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal +mock methods and attributes:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> +<span class="go">[call('a'), call('c'), call('d'), call('b'), call('d')]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> +<span class="go">[call('b', 'fish'), call('d', 'eggs')]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">my_dict</span> +<span class="go">{'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 'fish', 'd': 'eggs'}</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes"> +<h2>Mock subclasses and their attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>There are various reasons why you might want to subclass <cite>Mock</cite>. One reason +might be to add helper methods. Here’s a silly example:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">has_been_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span> +<span class="go"><MyMock id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The standard behaviour for <cite>Mock</cite> instances is that attributes and the return +value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures +that <cite>Mock</cite> attributes are <cite>Mocks</cite> and <cite>MagicMock</cite> attributes are <cite>MagicMocks</cite> +<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id4">[2]</a>. So if you’re subclassing to add helper methods then they’ll also be +available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your +subclass.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> +<span class="go"><MyMock name='mock.foo' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><MyMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105">one user</a> is subclassing mock to +created a <a class="reference external" href="http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html">Twisted adaptor</a>. +Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.</p> +<p><cite>Mock</cite> (in all its flavours) uses a method called <cite>_get_child_mock</cite> to create +these “sub-mocks” for attributes and return values. You can prevent your +subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is +that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (<cite>**kwargs</cite>) which are then passed +onto the mock constructor:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Subclass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_get_child_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.foo' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id5" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">[2]</a></td><td>An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the +callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn’t have callable +methods.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-imports-with-patch-dict"> +<h2>Mocking imports with patch.dict<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside +a function. These are harder to mock because they aren’t using an object from +the module namespace that we can patch out.</p> +<p>Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent +circular dependencies, for which there is <em>usually</em> a much better way to solve +the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent “up front costs” by delaying the +import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local +import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import +on first use).</p> +<p>That aside there is a way to use <cite>mock</cite> to affect the results of an import. +Importing fetches an <em>object</em> from the <cite>sys.modules</cite> dictionary. Note that it +fetches an <em>object</em>, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the +first time results in a module object being put in <cite>sys.modules</cite>, so usually +when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case +however.</p> +<p>This means you can use <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> to <em>temporarily</em> put a mock in place +in <cite>sys.modules</cite>. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock. +When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement +body is complete or <cite>patcher.stop()</cite> is called) then whatever was there +previously will be restored safely.</p> +<p>Here’s an example that mocks out the ‘fooble’ module.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sys.modules'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'fooble'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">}):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fooble</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fooble</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.blob()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'fooble'</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>As you can see the <cite>import fooble</cite> succeeds, but on exit there is no ‘fooble’ +left in <cite>sys.modules</cite>.</p> +<p>This also works for the <cite>from module import name</cite> form:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sys.modules'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'fooble'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">}):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fooble</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">blob</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blip</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.blob.blip()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>With slightly more work you can also mock package imports:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'package'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'package.module'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sys.modules'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">fooble</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fooble</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.module.fooble()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fooble</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions"> +<h2>Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions<a class="headerlink" href="#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class allows you to track the <em>order</em> of method calls on +your mock objects through the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> attribute. This +doesn’t allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects, +however we can use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> to achieve the same effect.</p> +<p>Because mocks track calls to child mocks in <cite>mock_calls</cite>, and accessing an +arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate +mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded, +in order, in the <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.foo.something()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.bar.other.thing()' id='...'></span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with +the <cite>mock_calls</cite> attribute on the manager mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected_calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected_calls</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If <cite>patch</cite> is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach +them to a manager mock using the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> method. After +attaching calls will be recorded in <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the manager.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Class1'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'mymodule.Class2'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'MockClass1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'MockClass2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.MockClass1().foo()' id='...'></span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.MockClass2().bar()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.MockClass1(),</span> +<span class="go"> call.MockClass1().foo(),</span> +<span class="go"> call.MockClass2(),</span> +<span class="go"> call.MockClass2().bar()]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If many calls have been made, but you’re only interested in a particular +sequence of them then an alternative is to use the +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a> method. This takes a list of calls (constructed +with the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object). If that sequence of calls are in +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> then the assert succeeds.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock().foo().bar().baz()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">one</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">three</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.one().two().three()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">one</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">three</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Even though the chained call <cite>m.one().two().three()</cite> aren’t the only calls that +have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds.</p> +<p>Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested +in asserting about <em>some</em> of those calls. You may not even care about the +order. In this case you can pass <cite>any_order=True</cite> to <cite>assert_has_calls</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fifty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'50'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">(...)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fifty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'50'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="more-complex-argument-matching"> +<h2>More complex argument matching<a class="headerlink" href="#more-complex-argument-matching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Using the same basic concept as <cite>ANY</cite> we can implement matchers to do more +complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks.</p> +<p>Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default +compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user +defined classes). To use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> we would need to pass +in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes +of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes +for us.</p> +<p>You can see in this example how a ‘standard’ call to <cite>assert_called_with</cite> isn’t +sufficient:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)</span> +<span class="go">Actual call: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>A comparison function for our <cite>Foo</cite> class might look something like this:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">True</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its +equality operation would look something like this:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_obj</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">compare</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_obj</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__eq__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Putting all this together:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">match_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">match_foo</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The <cite>Matcher</cite> is instantiated with our compare function and the <cite>Foo</cite> object +we want to compare against. In <cite>assert_called_with</cite> the <cite>Matcher</cite> equality +method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with +against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then +<cite>assert_called_with</cite> passes, and if they don’t an <cite>AssertionError</cite> is raised:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">match_wrong</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">match_wrong</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">((<Matcher object at 0x...>,), {})</span> +<span class="go">Called with: ((<Foo object at 0x...>,), {})</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the +<cite>AssertionError</cite> directly and provide a more useful failure message.</p> +<p>As of version 1.5, the Python testing library <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest">PyHamcrest</a> provides similar functionality, +that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher +(<a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality">hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality</a>).</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects"> +<h2>Less verbose configuration of mock objects<a class="headerlink" href="#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of <cite>Mock</cite>. +See the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="matching-any-argument-in-assertions"> +<h2>Matching any argument in assertions<a class="headerlink" href="#matching-any-argument-in-assertions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-properties"> +<h2>Mocking Properties<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.PropertyMock" title="mock.PropertyMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PropertyMock</span></tt></a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-open"> +<h2>Mocking open<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-open" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.mock_open" title="mock.mock_open"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_open()</span></tt></a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocks-without-some-attributes"> +<h2>Mocks without some attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocks-without-some-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes"><em>Deleting Attributes</em></a>.</p> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Further Examples</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html" + title="previous chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="compare.html" + title="next chapter">Mock Library Comparison</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/examples.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="compare.html" title="Mock Library Comparison" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/genindex.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/genindex.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d1acf0b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/genindex.html @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ + + + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Index — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" 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style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.ANY">ANY (in module mock)</a> + </dt> + + + <dt><a href="index.html#index-8">articles</a> + </dt> + + + <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call">assert_any_call() (Mock method)</a> + </dt> + + + <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with">assert_called_once_with() (Mock method)</a> + </dt> + + </dl></td> + <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with">assert_called_with() (Mock method)</a> + </dt> + + + <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls">assert_has_calls() (Mock method)</a> + </dt> + + + <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock">attach_mock() (Mock method)</a> + </dt> + + </dl></td> +</tr></table> + +<h2 id="C">C</h2> +<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr> + <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.call">call() (in module mock)</a> + </dt> + + + <dt><a 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</dl></td> +</tr></table> + +<h2 id="E">E</h2> +<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr> + <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="index.html#index-5">easy_install</a> + </dt> + + </dl></td> +</tr></table> + +<h2 id="F">F</h2> +<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr> + <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR">FILTER_DIR (in module mock)</a> + </dt> + + </dl></td> +</tr></table> + +<h2 id="G">G</h2> +<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr> + <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="getting-started.html#index-0">Getting Started</a> + </dt> + + </dl></td> +</tr></table> + +<h2 id="H">H</h2> +<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr> + <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl> + + <dt><a href="index.html#index-3">hg</a> + </dt> + + </dl></td> +</tr></table> + +<h2 id="I">I</h2> +<table style="width: 100%" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/getting-started.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/getting-started.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d708ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/getting-started.html @@ -0,0 +1,510 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Getting Started with Mock — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="Further Examples" href="examples.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Mocking Magic Methods" href="magicmock.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="examples.html" title="Further Examples" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="getting-started-with-mock"> +<h1>Getting Started with Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started-with-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<span class="target" id="getting-started"></span><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><div class="section" id="using-mock"> +<h2>Using Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#using-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="section" id="mock-patching-methods"> +<h3>Mock Patching Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-patching-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>Common uses for <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> objects include:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Patching methods</li> +<li>Recording method calls on objects</li> +</ul> +<p>You might want to replace a method on an object to check that +it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='method()' id='...'></span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Once our mock has been used (<cite>real.method</cite> in this example) it has methods +and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.</p> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last">In most of these examples the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> classes +are interchangeable. As the <cite>MagicMock</cite> is the more capable class it makes +a sensible one to use by default.</p> +</div> +<p>Once the mock has been called its <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">called</span></tt> attribute is set to +<cite>True</cite>. More importantly we can use the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt> or +<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt> method to check that it was called with +the correct arguments.</p> +<p>This example tests that calling <cite>ProductionClass().method</cite> results in a call to +the <cite>something</cite> method:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object"> +<h3>Mock for Method Calls on an Object<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it +was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a +method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used +in the correct way.</p> +<p>The simple <cite>ProductionClass</cite> below has a <cite>closer</cite> method. If it is called with +an object then it calls <cite>close</cite> on it.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">closer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">something</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>So to test it we need to pass in an object with a <cite>close</cite> method and check +that it was called correctly.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">closer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>We don’t have to do any work to provide the ‘close’ method on our mock. +Accessing close creates it. So, if ‘close’ hasn’t already been called then +accessing it in the test will create it, but <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt> +will raise a failure exception.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-classes"> +<h3>Mocking Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test. +When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances +are created by <em>calling the class</em>. This means you access the “mock instance” +by looking at the return value of the mocked class.</p> +<p>In the example below we have a function <cite>some_function</cite> that instantiates <cite>Foo</cite> +and calls a method on it. The call to <cite>patch</cite> replaces the class <cite>Foo</cite> with a +mock. The <cite>Foo</cite> instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured +by modifying the mock <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">some_function</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'module.Foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'the result'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'the result'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="naming-your-mocks"> +<h3>Naming your mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#naming-your-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of +the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The +name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='foo' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'></span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="tracking-all-calls"> +<h3>Tracking all Calls<a class="headerlink" href="#tracking-all-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The +<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt> attribute records all calls +to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you make an assertion about <cite>mock_calls</cite> and any unexpected methods +have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well +as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking +that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:</p> +<p>You use the <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> object to construct lists for comparing with +<cite>mock_calls</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="setting-return-values-and-attributes"> +<h3>Setting Return Values and Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-return-values-and-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The return value can also be set in the constructor:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example +<cite>mock.connection.cursor().execute(“SELECT 1”)</cite>. If we wanted this call to +return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.</p> +<p>We can use <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> to construct the set of calls in a “chained call” like +this for easy assertion afterwards:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cursor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"SELECT 1"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">['foo']</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"SELECT 1"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>It is the call to <cite>.call_list()</cite> that turns our call object into a list of +calls representing the chained calls.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions-with-mocks"> +<h3>Raising exceptions with mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions-with-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>A useful attribute is <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>. If you set this to an +exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock +is called.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Boom!'</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="side-effect-functions-and-iterables"> +<h3>Side effect functions and iterables<a class="headerlink" href="#side-effect-functions-and-iterables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for +<cite>side_effect</cite> as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several +times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set +<cite>side_effect</cite> to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value +from the iterable:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">4</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">5</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">6</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values +depending on what the mock is called with, <cite>side_effect</cite> can be a function. +The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the +function returns is what the call returns:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">vals</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">2</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object"> +<h3>Creating a Mock from an Existing Object<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the +implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a +class that implements <cite>some_method</cite>. In a test for another class, you +provide a mock of this object that <em>also</em> provides <cite>some_method</cite>. If later +you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has <cite>some_method</cite> - then +your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!</p> +<p><cite>Mock</cite> allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock, +using the <cite>spec</cite> keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the +mock that don’t exist on your specification object will immediately raise an +attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then +tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to +instantiate the class in those tests.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">old_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">object has no attribute 'old_method'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting +of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use +<cite>spec_set</cite> instead of <cite>spec</cite>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="patch-decorators"> +<h2>Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they +are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide +read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p> +</div> +<p>A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute, +for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it +is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on +them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other +tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.</p> +<p>mock provides three convenient decorators for this: <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and +<cite>patch.dict</cite>. <cite>patch</cite> takes a single string, of the form +<cite>package.module.Class.attribute</cite> to specify the attribute you are patching. It +also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or +whatever) to be replaced with. ‘patch.object’ takes an object and the name of +the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it +with.</p> +<p><cite>patch.object</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'attribute'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.attribute'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you are patching a module (including <cite>__builtin__</cite>) then use <cite>patch</cite> +instead of <cite>patch.object</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file_handle</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__builtin__.open'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'filename'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'r'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'filename'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'r'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file_handle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"incorrect file handle returned"</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The module name can be ‘dotted’, in the form <cite>package.module</cite> if needed:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.ClassName.attribute'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'attribute'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_something'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use <cite>patch</cite> with only one argument +(or <cite>patch.object</cite> with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and +passed into the test function / method:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'static_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_something'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.ClassName1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.ClassName2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_something'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated +function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that +decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example +above the mock for <cite>test_module.ClassName2</cite> is passed in first.</p> +<p>There is also <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt> for setting values in a dictionary just +during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test +ends:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'key'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> can all be used as context managers.</p> +<p>Where you use <cite>patch</cite> to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the +mock using the “as” form of the with statement:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'method'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>As an alternative <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used as +class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the +decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with “test”.</p> +<p>For some more advanced examples, see the <a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#further-examples"><em>Further Examples</em></a> page.</p> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-mock">Using Mock</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-patching-methods">Mock Patching Methods</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">Side effect functions and iterables</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html" + title="previous chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="examples.html" + title="next chapter">Further Examples</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/getting-started.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="examples.html" title="Further Examples" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/index.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/index.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cdf89d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,529 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Mock - Mocking and Testing Library — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="#" /> + <link rel="next" title="The Mock Class" href="mock.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="mock.html" title="The Mock Class" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li><a href="#">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="mock-mocking-and-testing-library"> +<h1>Mock - Mocking and Testing Library<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-mocking-and-testing-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> +<col class="field-name" /> +<col class="field-body" /> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml">Michael Foord</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Version:</th><td class="field-body">1.0.0</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">2012/10/07</td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Homepage:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/">Mock Homepage</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Download:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">Mock on PyPI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Documentation:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">PDF Documentation</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml">BSD License</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Support:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python">Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)</a></td> +</tr> +<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Issue tracker:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">Google code project</a></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<span class="target" id="module-mock"></span><p id="index-0">mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of +your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they +have been used.</p> +<p>mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a> +in Python 3.3 onwards.</p> +<p>mock provides a core <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class removing the need to create a host +of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make +assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were +called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in +the normal way.</p> +<p>Additionally, mock provides a <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator that handles patching +module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with +<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> for creating unique objects. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">quick guide</a> for +some examples of how to use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> and +<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a>.</p> +<p>Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with +<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest</a>. Mock is based on +the ‘action -> assertion’ pattern instead of <cite>‘record -> replay’</cite> used by many +mocking frameworks.</p> +<p>mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of +Jython and PyPy.</p> +<div class="section" id="api-documentation"> +<h2>API Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#api-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> +<ul> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html">The Mock Class</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#calling">Calling</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html">Patch Decorators</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch">patch</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#call">call</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#any">ANY</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock-open">mock_open</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html">Sentinel</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="user-guide"> +<h2>User Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> +<ul> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Further Examples</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html">CHANGELOG</a><ul> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="installing"> +<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Installing<a class="headerlink" href="#installing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>The current version is 1.0.0. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do +find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions +then please contact us.</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">mock on PyPI</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">mock documentation as PDF</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/">Google Code Home & Mercurial Repository</a></li> +</ul> +<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><p id="index-3">You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial +repository with the following command:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">clone</span> <span class="pre">https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div></blockquote> +<span class="target" id="index-4"></span><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><p id="index-6">If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><div class="line-block"> +<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div> +<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div> +</div> +</div></blockquote> +<p>Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after +unpacking run:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">install</span></tt></div></blockquote> +</div> +<div class="section" id="quick-guide"> +<h2>Quick Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#quick-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> objects create all attributes and +methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You +can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are +available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> allows you to perform side effects, including raising an +exception when a mock is called:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">'foo'</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">(5, 4, 3)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For +example the <cite>spec</cite> argument configures the mock to take its specification +from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock +that don’t exist on the spec will fail with an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p> +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or +objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a +mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'module.ClassName2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'module.ClassName1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span><span class="p">()</span> + +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated +function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that +decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example +above the mock for <cite>module.ClassName1</cite> is passed in first.</p> +<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they +are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide +read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p> +</div> +<p>As well as a decorator <cite>patch</cite> can be used as a context manager in a with +statement:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'method'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>There is also <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for setting values in a dictionary just +during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test +ends:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'key'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'value'</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Mock supports the mocking of Python <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>. The +easiest way of using magic methods is with the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class. It +allows you to do things like:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'foobarbaz'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'foobarbaz'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods +and they will be called appropriately. The <cite>MagicMock</cite> class is just a Mock +variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the +useful ones anyway).</p> +<p>The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock +class:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'wheeeeee'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'wheeeeee'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the +objects they are replacing, you can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>auto-speccing</em></a>. +Auto-speccing can be done through the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to patch, or the +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that +have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and +any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call +signature as the real object.</p> +<p>This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production +code if they are used incorrectly:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fishy'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'fishy'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'wrong arguments'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n"><lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>create_autospec</cite> can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of +the <cite>__init__</cite> method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of +the <cite>__call__</cite> method.</p> +<span class="target" id="index-7"></span></div> +<div class="section" id="references"> +<span id="index-8"></span><h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md">Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django">mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="https://blip.tv/file/4881513">PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/">Mock objects in Python</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/">Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/">Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html">Mocking Django</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">Mocking dates and other classes that can’t be modified</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html">Mock recipes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html">Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/">Coverage and Mock (with django)</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194">Python Unit Testing with Mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/">Getting started with Python Mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/">Smart Parameter Checks with mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html">Python mock testing techniques and tools</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html">How To Test Django Template Tags</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html">A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html">Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine</a></li> +</ul> +<span class="target" id="index-9"></span></div> +<div class="section" id="tests"> +<span id="index-10"></span><h2>Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Mock uses <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> for its own +test suite. In order to run it, use the <cite>unit2</cite> script that comes with +<cite>unittest2</cite> module on a checkout of the source repository:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><cite>unit2 discover</cite></div></blockquote> +<p>If you have <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute">setuptools</a> as well as +unittest2 you can run:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">test</span></tt></div></blockquote> +<p>On Python 3.2 you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> module from the standard library.</p> +<blockquote> +<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python3.2</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">unittest</span> <span class="pre">discover</span></tt></div></blockquote> +<p id="index-11">On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On +Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement +is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="older-versions"> +<span id="index-12"></span><h2>Older Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#older-versions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Documentation for older versions of mock:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/">mock 0.8</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/">mock 0.7</a></li> +<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/">mock 0.6</a></li> +</ul> +<p>Docs from the in-development version of <cite>mock</cite> can be found at +<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">mock.readthedocs.org</a>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="terminology"> +<h2>Terminology<a class="headerlink" href="#terminology" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms +like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.</p> +<p>In <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html">classic mock terminology</a> +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.Mock</span></tt></a> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html">spy</a> that +allows for <em>post-mortem</em> examination. This is what I call the “action -> +assertion” <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a> pattern of testing.</p> +<p>I’m not however a fan of this “statically typed mocking terminology” +promulgated by <a class="reference external" href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html">Martin Fowler</a>. It confuses usage +patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology +when discussing mocking.</p> +<p>I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a +mock object and quacks like a mock object then it’s fine to call it a mock, no +matter what the implementation looks like.</p> +<p>This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where +different usage patterns will <em>require</em> different implementations. +<cite>mock.Mock()</cite> is capable of being used in most of the different roles +described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock +itself!</p> +<p>How about a simpler definition: a “mock object” is an object used to replace a +real one in a system under test.</p> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>This pattern is called “AAA” by some members of the testing community; +“Arrange - Act - Assert”.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#api-documentation">API Documentation</a><ul> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-guide">User Guide</a><ul> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing">Installing</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tests">Tests</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#older-versions">Older Versions</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#terminology">Terminology</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="mock.html" + title="next chapter">The Mock Class</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/index.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="mock.html" title="The Mock Class" + >next</a> |</li> + <li><a href="#">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/magicmock.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/magicmock.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f49fae763 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/magicmock.html @@ -0,0 +1,347 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Mocking Magic Methods — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="Getting Started with Mock" href="getting-started.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Sentinel" href="sentinel.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="sentinel.html" title="Sentinel" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="mocking-magic-methods"> +<span id="magic-methods"></span><h1>Mocking Magic Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-magic-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> supports mocking <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html">magic methods</a>. This allows mock +objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python +protocols.</p> +<p>Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id4" id="id2">[1]</a>, this +support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic +methods are supported. The supported list includes <em>almost</em> all of them. If +there are any missing that you need please let us know!</p> +<p>You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function +or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it <em>must</em> take <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></tt> as +the first argument <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id3">[2]</a>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'fooble'</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__str__</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'fooble'</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'fooble'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'fooble'</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([]))</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">[]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a +<cite>with</cite> statement:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Calls to magic methods do not appear in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a>, but they +are recorded in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last">If you use the <cite>spec</cite> keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to +set a magic method that isn’t in the spec will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p> +</div> +<p>The full list of supported magic methods is:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__repr__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__format__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasses__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floor__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__trunc__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ceil__</span></tt></li> +<li>Comparisons: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__le__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__eq__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ne__</span></tt></li> +<li>Container methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setitem__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getslice__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setslice__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reversed__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt></li> +<li>Context manager: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt></li> +<li>Unary numeric methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__neg__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__pos__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__invert__</span></tt></li> +<li>The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants): +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__add__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sub__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mul__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__div__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floordiv__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mod__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__divmod__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lshift__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__rshift__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__and__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__xor__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__or__</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__pow__</span></tt></li> +<li>Numeric conversion methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__complex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__float__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__index__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__coerce__</span></tt></li> +<li>Descriptor methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__get__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delete__</span></tt></li> +<li>Pickling: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce_ex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getinitargs__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getstate__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setstate__</span></tt></li> +</ul> +<p>The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don’t exist in Python 3:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__long__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__oct__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hex__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__truediv__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__rtruediv__</span></tt></li> +</ul> +<p>The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don’t exist in Python 2:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bool__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__next__</span></tt></li> +</ul> +<p>The following methods exist but are <em>not</em> supported as they are either in use by +mock, can’t be set dynamically, or can cause problems:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setattr__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__new__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__prepare__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__instancecheck__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__del__</span></tt></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="magic-mock"> +<h1>Magic Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>There are two <cite>MagicMock</cite> variants: <cite>MagicMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite>.</p> +<dl class="class"> +<dt id="mock.MagicMock"> +<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">MagicMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.MagicMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> with default implementations +of most of the magic methods. You can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> without having to +configure the magic methods yourself.</p> +<p>The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>.</p> +<p>If you use the <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> arguments then <em>only</em> magic methods +that exist in the spec will be created.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="class"> +<dt id="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"> +<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMagicMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>MagicMock</cite>.</p> +<p>The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and +<cite>side_effect</cite> which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p>The magic methods are setup with <cite>MagicMock</cite> objects, so you can configure them +and use them in the usual way:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'result'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="go">'result'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a +specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so +that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren’t interested +in the return value. You can still <em>set</em> the return value manually if you want +to change the default.</p> +<p>Methods and their defaults:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__le__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__</span></tt> : 1</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt> : False</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__</span></tt> : 1</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__</span></tt> : iter([])</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> : False</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__complex__</span></tt> : 1j</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__float__</span></tt> : 1.0</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bool__</span></tt> : True</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__</span></tt> : True</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__oct__</span></tt> : ‘1’</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hex__</span></tt> : ‘0x1’</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__long__</span></tt> : long(1)</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__index__</span></tt> : 1</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__</span></tt> : default hash for the mock</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> : default str for the mock</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt> : default unicode for the mock</li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt>: default sizeof for the mock</li> +</ul> +<p>For example:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">0</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'0x1'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">[]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">mock</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The two equality method, <cite>__eq__</cite> and <cite>__ne__</cite>, are special (changed in +0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side +effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__eq__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>In <cite>0.8</cite> the <cite>__iter__</cite> also gained special handling implemented with a +side effect. The return value of <cite>MagicMock.__iter__</cite> can be any iterable +object and isn’t required to be an iterator:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">['a', 'b', 'c']</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">['a', 'b', 'c']</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If the return value <em>is</em> an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume +it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">['a', 'b', 'c']</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">[]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some +of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.</p> +<p>Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> are:</p> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getslice__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setslice__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__coerce__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasses__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__format__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__get__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delete__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reversed__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce_ex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getinitargs__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__</span></tt>, +<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getstate__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setstate__</span></tt></li> +<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getformat__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setformat__</span></tt></li> +</ul> +<hr class="docutils" /> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id4" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>Magic methods <em>should</em> be looked up on the class rather than the +instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this +rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions +of Python.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id5" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">[2]</a></td><td>The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> +instance is kept isolated from the others.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="sentinel.html" + title="previous chapter">Sentinel</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html" + title="next chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/magicmock.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="sentinel.html" title="Sentinel" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mock.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mock.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84ba37b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mock.html @@ -0,0 +1,875 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>The Mock Class — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="Patch Decorators" href="patch.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Mock - Mocking and Testing Library" href="index.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="patch.html" title="Patch Decorators" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="index.html" title="Mock - Mocking and Testing Library" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="the-mock-class"> +<h1>The Mock Class<a class="headerlink" href="#the-mock-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p><cite>Mock</cite> is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and +test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as +new mocks when you access them <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a>. Accessing the same attribute will always +return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make +assertions about what your code has done to them.</p> +<p><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> is a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> with all the magic methods +pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful +when you are mocking out objects that aren’t callable: +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a></p> +<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes +in a particular module with a <cite>Mock</cite> object. By default <cite>patch</cite> will create +a <cite>MagicMock</cite> for you. You can specify an alternative class of <cite>Mock</cite> using +the <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>.</p> +<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><dl class="class"> +<dt id="mock.Mock"> +<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Mock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>side_effect=None</em>, <em>return_value=DEFAULT</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Create a new <cite>Mock</cite> object. <cite>Mock</cite> takes several optional arguments +that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:</p> +<ul> +<li><p class="first"><cite>spec</cite>: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a +class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If +you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on +the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods). +Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p> +<p>If <cite>spec</cite> is an object (rather than a list of strings) then +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="mock.Mock.__class__"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__class__</span></tt></a> returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks +to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><cite>spec_set</cite>: A stricter variant of <cite>spec</cite>. If used, attempting to <em>set</em> +or get an attribute on the mock that isn’t on the object passed as +<cite>spec_set</cite> will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><cite>side_effect</cite>: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See +the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or +dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same +arguments as the mock, and unless it returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>, the return +value of this function is used as the return value.</p> +<p>Alternatively <cite>side_effect</cite> can be an exception class or instance. In +this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.</p> +<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is an iterable then each call to the mock will return +the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable +are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.</p> +<p>A <cite>side_effect</cite> can be cleared by setting it to <cite>None</cite>.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><cite>return_value</cite>: The value returned when the mock is called. By default +this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><cite>wraps</cite>: Item for the mock object to wrap. If <cite>wraps</cite> is not None then +calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object +(returning the real result and ignoring <cite>return_value</cite>). Attribute access +on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding +attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute +that doesn’t exist will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>).</p> +<p>If the mock has an explicit <cite>return_value</cite> set then calls are not passed +to the wrapped object and the <cite>return_value</cite> is returned instead.</p> +</li> +<li><p class="first"><cite>name</cite>: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the +mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child +mocks.</p> +</li> +</ul> +<p>Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be +used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method for details.</p> +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"> +<tt class="descname">assert_called_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a +particular way:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'wow'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'wow'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"> +<tt class="descname">assert_called_once_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified +arguments.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'baz'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"> +<tt class="descname">assert_any_call</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.</p> +<p>The assert passes if the mock has <em>ever</em> been called, unlike +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a> that +only pass if the call is the most recent one.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'else'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_any_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"> +<tt class="descname">assert_has_calls</tt><big>(</big><em>calls</em>, <em>any_order=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified calls. +The <cite>mock_calls</cite> list is checked for the calls.</p> +<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is False (the default) then the calls must be +sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the +specified calls.</p> +<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is True then the calls can be in any order, but +they must all appear in <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.reset_mock"> +<tt class="descname">reset_mock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'hello'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset_mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that +reuse the same object. Note that <cite>reset_mock</cite> <em>doesn’t</em> clear the +return value, <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> or any child attributes you have +set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock +(if any) are reset as well.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec"> +<tt class="descname">mock_add_spec</tt><big>(</big><em>spec</em>, <em>spec_set=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Add a spec to a mock. <cite>spec</cite> can either be an object or a +list of strings. Only attributes on the <cite>spec</cite> can be fetched as +attributes from the mock.</p> +<p>If <cite>spec_set</cite> is <cite>True</cite> then only attributes on the spec can be set.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.attach_mock"> +<tt class="descname">attach_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>mock</em>, <em>attribute</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and +parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of this one.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.configure_mock"> +<tt class="descname">configure_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.</p> +<p>Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child +mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the +method call:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> +<span class="go">'eggs'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>configure_mock</cite> exists to make it easier to do configuration +after the mock has been created.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.__dir__"> +<tt class="descname">__dir__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__dir__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p><cite>Mock</cite> objects limit the results of <cite>dir(some_mock)</cite> to useful results. +For mocks with a <cite>spec</cite> this includes all the permitted attributes +for the mock.</p> +<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> for what this filtering does, and how to +switch it off.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="method"> +<dt id="mock.Mock._get_child_mock"> +<tt class="descname">_get_child_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock._get_child_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Create the child mocks for attributes and return value. +By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent. +Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way +child mocks are made.</p> +<p>For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than +any custom subclass).</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.called"> +<tt class="descname">called</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.called" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.call_count"> +<tt class="descname">call_count</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_count" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> +<span class="go">0</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> +<span class="go">2</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.return_value"> +<tt class="descname">return_value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">'fish'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in +the normal way:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Attribute</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock()()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>return_value</cite> can also be set in the constructor:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.side_effect"> +<tt class="descname">side_effect</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called, +or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.</p> +<p>If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the +mock and unless the function returns the <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> singleton the +call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the +function returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> then the mock will return its normal +value (from the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>.</p> +<p>An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception +handling of an API):</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Boom!'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Using <cite>side_effect</cite> to return a sequence of values:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">(3, 2, 1)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the same arguments as the +mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword +arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for +the call. The exception is if <cite>side_effect</cite> returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>, +in which case the normal <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> is used.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can be set in the constructor. Here’s an example that +adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">4</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">-7</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite> clears it:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args"> +<tt class="descname">call_args</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>This is either <cite>None</cite> (if the mock hasn’t been called), or the +arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the +form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock +was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any +keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> +<span class="go">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> +<span class="go">call()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> +<span class="go">call(3, 4)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'w00t!'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> +<span class="go">call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>call_args</cite>, along with members of the lists <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>, +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. +These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual +arguments and make more complex assertions. See +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args_list"> +<tt class="descname">call_args_list</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence +(so the length of the list is the number of times it has been +called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of +calls to compare with <cite>call_args_list</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'w00t!'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> +<span class="go">[call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(),</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),),</span> <span class="p">({</span><span class="s">'key'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'next'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'w00t!'</span><span class="p">},)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be +unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.method_calls"> +<tt class="descname">method_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to +methods and attributes, and <em>their</em> methods and attributes:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Members of <cite>method_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be +unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_calls"> +<tt class="descname">mock_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p><cite>mock_calls</cite> records <em>all</em> calls to the mock object, its methods, magic +methods <em>and</em> return value mocks.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">(),</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__int__</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Members of <cite>mock_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be +unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="attribute"> +<dt id="mock.Mock.__class__"> +<tt class="descname">__class__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Normally the <cite>__class__</cite> attribute of an object will return its type. +For a mock object with a <cite>spec</cite> <cite>__class__</cite> returns the spec class +instead. This allows mock objects to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests for the +object they are replacing / masquerading as:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an +<cite>isinstance</cite> check without forcing you to use a spec:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__class__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="class"> +<dt id="mock.NonCallableMock"> +<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>Mock</cite>. The constructor parameters have the same +meaning of <cite>Mock</cite>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and <cite>side_effect</cite> +which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p>Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> are able +to pass <cite>isintance</cite> tests:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The <cite>Mock</cite> classes have support for mocking magic methods. See <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic +methods</em></a> for the full details.</p> +<p>The mock classes and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators all take arbitrary keyword +arguments for configuration. For the <cite>patch</cite> decorators the keywords are +passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments +are for configuring attributes of the mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'fish'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span> +<span class="go">'fish'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way, +using dotted notation. As you can’t use dotted names directly in a call you +have to create a dictionary and unpack it using <cite>**</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'eggs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> +<span class="go">'eggs'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<dl class="class"> +<dt id="mock.PropertyMock"> +<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">PropertyMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.PropertyMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class. +<cite>PropertyMock</cite> provides <cite>__get__</cite> and <cite>__set__</cite> methods so you can specify +a return value when it is fetched.</p> +<p>Fetching a <cite>PropertyMock</cite> instance from an object calls the mock, with +no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@property</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'something'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@foo.setter</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.Foo.foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">PropertyMock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'mockity-mock'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">this_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">this_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">this_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go">mockity-mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call(), call(6)]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</dd></dl> + +<p>Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can’t directly attach a +<cite>PropertyMock</cite> to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type +object:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PropertyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">p</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<span class="target" id="index-5"></span></div> +<div class="section" id="calling"> +<span id="index-6"></span><h1>Calling<a class="headerlink" href="#calling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute. The default return value is a new Mock +object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either +explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one +returned each time.</p> +<p>Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes +like <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>.</p> +<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> is set then it will be called after the call has +been recorded, so if <cite>side_effect</cite> raises an exception the call is still +recorded.</p> +<p>The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make +<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> an exception class or instance:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">IndexError</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">IndexError</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3)]</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Bang!'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'three'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'four'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">'Bang!'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is a function then whatever that function returns is what +calls to the mock return. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the +same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the +call dynamically, based on the input:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">2</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call(1), call(2)]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or +any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return +<cite>mock.return_value</cite> from inside <cite>side_effect</cite>, or return <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>To remove a <cite>side_effect</cite>, and return to the default behaviour, set the +<cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">6</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock +will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and +a <cite>StopIteration</cite> is raised):</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">2</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">StopIteration</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of +returned:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">66</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">33</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">ValueError</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">66</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="deleting-attributes"> +<span id="id2"></span><h1>Deleting Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#deleting-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be +objects of any type.</p> +<p>You may want a mock object to return <cite>False</cite> to a <cite>hasattr</cite> call, or raise an +<cite>AttributeError</cite> when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing +an object as a <cite>spec</cite> for a mock, but that isn’t always convenient.</p> +<p>You “block” attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute +will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'m'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">m</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'m'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">f</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="attaching-mocks-as-attributes"> +<h1>Attaching Mocks as Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return +value) it becomes a “child” of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in +the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of the +parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to +the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the +children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between +mocks:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child2</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent +the “parenting” if for some reason you don’t want it to happen.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">not_a_child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'not-a-child'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">not_a_child</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go"><MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Mocks created for you by <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> are automatically given names. To +attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> +method:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'child1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'child2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<hr class="docutils" /> +<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none"> +<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have +leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn’t create these but +instead of raises an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt>. This is because the interpreter +will often implicitly request these methods, and gets <em>very</em> confused to +get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic +method support see <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">The Mock Class</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling">Calling</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="index.html" + title="previous chapter">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="patch.html" + title="next chapter">Patch Decorators</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/mock.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="patch.html" title="Patch Decorators" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="index.html" title="Mock - Mocking and Testing Library" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mocksignature.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mocksignature.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b266f031 --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mocksignature.html @@ -0,0 +1,352 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>mocksignature — Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '0.8.1alpha1', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="Getting Started with Mock" href="getting-started.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Mocking Magic Methods" href="magicmock.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="mocksignature"> +<h1>mocksignature<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a>, added in mock 0.8, is a more advanced version of +<cite>mocksignature</cite> and can be used for many of the same use cases.</p> +</div> +<p>A problem with using mock objects to replace real objects in your tests is that +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> can be <em>too</em> flexible. Your code can treat the mock objects in +any way and you have to manually check that they were called correctly. If your +code calls functions or methods with the wrong number of arguments then mocks +don’t complain.</p> +<p>The solution to this is <cite>mocksignature</cite>, which creates functions with the +same signature as the original, but delegating to a mock. You can interrogate +the mock in the usual way to check it has been called with the <em>right</em> +arguments, but if it is called with the wrong number of arguments it will +raise a <cite>TypeError</cite> in the same way your production code would.</p> +<p>Another advantage is that your mocked objects are real functions, which can +be useful when your code uses +<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html">inspect</a> or depends on +functions being function objects.</p> +<dl class="function"> +<dt id="mock.mocksignature"> +<tt class="descname">mocksignature</tt><big>(</big><em>func</em>, <em>mock=None</em>, <em>skipfirst=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.mocksignature" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Create a new function with the same signature as <cite>func</cite> that delegates +to <cite>mock</cite>. If <cite>skipfirst</cite> is True the first argument is skipped, useful +for methods where <cite>self</cite> needs to be omitted from the new function.</p> +<p>If you don’t pass in a <cite>mock</cite> then one will be created for you.</p> +<p>Functions returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> have many of the same attributes +and assert methods as a mock object.</p> +<p>The mock is set as the <cite>mock</cite> attribute of the returned function for easy +access.</p> +<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of +the <cite>__init__</cite> method.</p> +<p>When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the +<cite>__call__</cite> method.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> will work out if it is mocking the signature of a method on +an instance or a method on a class and do the “right thing” with the <cite>self</cite> +argument in both cases.</p> +<p>Because of a limitation in the way that arguments are collected by functions +created by <cite>mocksignature</cite> they are <em>always</em> passed as positional arguments +(including defaults) and not keyword arguments.</p> +<div class="section" id="mocksignature-api"> +<h2>mocksignature api<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Although the objects returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> api are real function objects, +they have much of the same api as the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class. This includes the +assert methods:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="go">False</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected call</span>: <span class="n">mock(1, 2, 4)</span> +<span class="go">Actual call: mock(1, 2, 3)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> +<span class="go">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">IndexError</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">IndexError</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The mock object that is being delegated to is available as the <cite>mock</cite> attribute +of the function created by <cite>mocksignature</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> +<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The methods and attributes available on functions returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> +are:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_any_call()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a>, +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a>, +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>, +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_count" title="mock.Mock.call_count"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_count</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.called" title="mock.Mock.called"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">called</span></tt></a>, +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a>, <cite>mock</cite>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>, +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="mock.Mock.reset_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_mock()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>, and +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>.</div></blockquote> +</div> +<div class="section" id="example-use"> +<h2>Example use<a class="headerlink" href="#example-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="section" id="basic-use"> +<h3>Basic use<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n"><lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'some value'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">'some value'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="keyword-arguments"> +<h3>Keyword arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#keyword-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>Note that arguments to functions created by <cite>mocksignature</cite> are always passed +in to the underlying mock by position even when called with keywords:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocking-methods-and-self"> +<h3>Mocking methods and self<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-methods-and-self" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>When you use <cite>mocksignature</cite> to replace a method on a class then <cite>self</cite> +will be included in the method signature - and you will need to include +the instance when you do your asserts.</p> +<p>As a curious factor of the way Python (2) wraps methods fetched from a class, +we can <em>get</em> the <cite>return_value</cite> from a function set on a class, but we can’t +set it. We have to do this through the exposed <cite>mock</cite> attribute instead:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n"><lambda>() takes at least 4 arguments (1 given)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>When you use <cite>mocksignature</cite> on instance methods <cite>self</cite> isn’t included (and we +can set the <cite>return_value</cite> etc directly):</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocksignature-with-classes"> +<h3>mocksignature with classes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-with-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>When used with a class <cite>mocksignature</cite> copies the signature of the <cite>__init__</cite> +method.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n"><lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Because the object returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> is a function rather than a +<cite>Mock</cite> you lose the other capabilities of <cite>Mock</cite>, like dynamic attribute +creation.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocksignature-with-callable-objects"> +<h3>mocksignature with callable objects<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-with-callable-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> +<p>When used with a callable object <cite>mocksignature</cite> copies the signature of the +<cite>__call__</cite> method.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eggs</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n"><lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="mocksignature-argument-to-patch"> +<h2>mocksignature argument to patch<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-argument-to-patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> is available as a keyword argument to <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> or +<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a>. It can be used with functions / methods / classes and +callable objects.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'method'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">mocksignature</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-api">mocksignature api</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-use">Example use</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-use">Basic use</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments">Keyword arguments</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-methods-and-self">Mocking methods and self</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-with-classes">mocksignature with classes</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-with-callable-objects">mocksignature with callable objects</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-argument-to-patch">mocksignature argument to patch</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html" + title="previous chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html" + title="next chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/mocksignature.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Feb 16, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.2. + </div> + </body> +</html>
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charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Patch Decorators — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="Helpers" href="helpers.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="The Mock Class" href="mock.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="helpers.html" title="Helpers" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="mock.html" title="The Mock Class" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="patch-decorators"> +<h1>Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of +the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you, +even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with +statements or as class decorators.</p> +<div class="section" id="patch"> +<h2>patch<a class="headerlink" href="#patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last"><cite>patch</cite> is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the +right namespace. See the section <a class="reference internal" href="#id1">where to patch</a>.</p> +</div> +<dl class="function"> +<dt id="mock.patch"> +<tt class="descname">patch</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>new=DEFAULT</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p><cite>patch</cite> acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context +manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the <cite>target</cite> +is patched with a <cite>new</cite> object. When the function/with statement exits +the patch is undone.</p> +<p>If <cite>new</cite> is omitted, then the target is replaced with a +<a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>. If <cite>patch</cite> is used as a decorator and <cite>new</cite> is +omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the +decorated function. If <cite>patch</cite> is used as a context manager the created +mock is returned by the context manager.</p> +<p><cite>target</cite> should be a string in the form <cite>‘package.module.ClassName’</cite>. The +<cite>target</cite> is imported and the specified object replaced with the <cite>new</cite> +object, so the <cite>target</cite> must be importable from the environment you are +calling <cite>patch</cite> from. The target is imported when the decorated function +is executed, not at decoration time.</p> +<p>The <cite>spec</cite> and <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword arguments are passed to the <cite>MagicMock</cite> +if patch is creating one for you.</p> +<p>In addition you can pass <cite>spec=True</cite> or <cite>spec_set=True</cite>, which causes +patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.</p> +<p><cite>new_callable</cite> allows you to specify a different class, or callable object, +that will be called to create the <cite>new</cite> object. By default <cite>MagicMock</cite> is +used.</p> +<p>A more powerful form of <cite>spec</cite> is <cite>autospec</cite>. If you set <cite>autospec=True</cite> +then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced. +All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding +attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked +will have their arguments checked and will raise a <cite>TypeError</cite> if they are +called with the wrong signature. For mocks +replacing a class, their return value (the ‘instance’) will have the same +spec as the class. See the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function and +<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a>.</p> +<p>Instead of <cite>autospec=True</cite> you can pass <cite>autospec=some_object</cite> to use an +arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.</p> +<p>By default <cite>patch</cite> will fail to replace attributes that don’t exist. If +you pass in <cite>create=True</cite>, and the attribute doesn’t exist, patch will +create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and +delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against +attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by +default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write +passing tests against APIs that don’t actually exist!</p> +<p>Patch can be used as a <cite>TestCase</cite> class decorator. It works by +decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate +code when your test methods share a common patchings set. <cite>patch</cite> finds +tests by looking for method names that start with <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>. +By default this is <cite>test</cite>, which matches the way <cite>unittest</cite> finds tests. +You can specify an alternative prefix by setting <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>.</p> +<p>Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the +patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you +use “as” then the patched object will be bound to the name after the +“as”; very useful if <cite>patch</cite> is creating a mock object for you.</p> +<p><cite>patch</cite> takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to +the <cite>Mock</cite> (or <cite>new_callable</cite>) on construction.</p> +<p><cite>patch.dict(...)</cite>, <cite>patch.multiple(...)</cite> and <cite>patch.object(...)</cite> are +available for alternate use-cases.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p><cite>patch</cite> as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into +the decorated function:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.SomeClass'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normal_argument</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock_class</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock_class</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="go">True</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Patching a class replaces the class with a <cite>MagicMock</cite> <em>instance</em>. If the +class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> of the mock that will be used.</p> +<p>If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you +can set the <cite>return_value</cite> to be anything you want.</p> +<p>To configure return values on methods of <em>instances</em> on the patched class +you must do this on the <cite>return_value</cite>. For example:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.Class'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">instance</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If you use <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> and <cite>patch</cite> is replacing a <em>class</em>, then the +return value of the created mock will have the same spec.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.Class'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Original</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>The <cite>new_callable</cite> argument is useful where you want to use an alternative +class to the default <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> for the created mock. For example, if +you wanted a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> to be used:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NonCallableMock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_thing</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">'NonCallableMock' object is not callable</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Another use case might be to replace an object with a <cite>StringIO</cite> instance:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">():</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Something'</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sys.stdout'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_stdout</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mock_stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'Something</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">'</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>When <cite>patch</cite> is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing +you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done +in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be +used to set attributes on the created mock:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">first</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span> +<span class="go">'one'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span> +<span class="go">'two'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the +<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>, of child mocks can +also be configured. These aren’t syntactically valid to pass in directly as +keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded +into a <cite>patch</cite> call using <cite>**</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'method.return_value'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'other.side_effect'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.thing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> + <span class="c">...</span> +<span class="gr">KeyError</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="patch-object"> +<h2>patch.object<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<dl class="function"> +<dt id="mock.patch.object"> +<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">object</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>attribute</em>, <em>new=DEFAULT</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>patch the named member (<cite>attribute</cite>) on an object (<cite>target</cite>) with a mock +object.</p> +<p><cite>patch.object</cite> can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context +manager. Arguments <cite>new</cite>, <cite>spec</cite>, <cite>create</cite>, <cite>spec_set</cite>, <cite>autospec</cite> and +<cite>new_callable</cite> have the same meaning as for <cite>patch</cite>. Like <cite>patch</cite>, +<cite>patch.object</cite> takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock +object it creates.</p> +<p>When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.object</cite> honours <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> +for choosing which methods to wrap.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p>You can either call <cite>patch.object</cite> with three arguments or two arguments. The +three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the +object to replace the attribute with.</p> +<p>When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a +mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated +function:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'class_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>spec</cite>, <cite>create</cite> and the other arguments to <cite>patch.object</cite> have the same +meaning as they do for <cite>patch</cite>.</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="patch-dict"> +<h2>patch.dict<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-dict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<dl class="function"> +<dt id="mock.patch.dict"> +<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">dict</tt><big>(</big><em>in_dict</em>, <em>values=()</em>, <em>clear=False</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.dict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary +to its original state after the test.</p> +<p><cite>in_dict</cite> can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a +mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items +plus iterating over keys.</p> +<p><cite>in_dict</cite> can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which +will then be fetched by importing it.</p> +<p><cite>values</cite> can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. <cite>values</cite> +can also be an iterable of <cite>(key, value)</cite> pairs.</p> +<p>If <cite>clear</cite> is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new +values are set.</p> +<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set +values in the dictionary.</p> +<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used as a context manager, decorator or class +decorator. When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.dict</cite> honours +<cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for choosing which methods to wrap.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test +change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test +ends.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">}):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">}</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{}</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'os.environ'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'newvalue'</span><span class="p">}):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'newkey'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go">newvalue</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'newkey'</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Keywords can be used in the <cite>patch.dict</cite> call to set values in the dictionary:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymodule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'fish'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sys.modules'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'some'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'args'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go">'fish'</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used with dictionary like objects that aren’t actually +dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting, +deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the +magic methods <cite>__getitem__</cite>, <cite>__setitem__</cite>, <cite>__delitem__</cite> and either +<cite>__iter__</cite> or <cite>__contains__</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Container</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__getitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__setitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__delitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">del</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__iter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Container</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">one</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">]</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="patch-multiple"> +<h2>patch.multiple<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-multiple" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<dl class="function"> +<dt id="mock.patch.multiple"> +<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">multiple</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.multiple" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be +patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing) +and keyword arguments for the patches:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FIRST_PATCH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'one'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SECOND_PATCH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'two'</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="o">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> as the value if you want <cite>patch.multiple</cite> to create +mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated +function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when <cite>patch.multiple</cite> is +used as a context manager.</p> +<p><cite>patch.multiple</cite> can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context +manager. The arguments <cite>spec</cite>, <cite>spec_set</cite>, <cite>create</cite>, <cite>autospec</cite> and +<cite>new_callable</cite> have the same meaning as for <cite>patch</cite>. These arguments will +be applied to <em>all</em> patches done by <cite>patch.multiple</cite>.</p> +<p>When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.multiple</cite> honours <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> +for choosing which methods to wrap.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<p>If you want <cite>patch.multiple</cite> to create mocks for you, then you can use +<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> as the value. If you use <cite>patch.multiple</cite> as a decorator +then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">other</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> + +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch.multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test_function</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p><cite>patch.multiple</cite> can be nested with other <cite>patch</cite> decorators, but put arguments +passed by keyword <em>after</em> any of the standard arguments created by <cite>patch</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'sys.exit'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch.multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_exit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'other'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'thing'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'exit'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_exit</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">test_function</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>If <cite>patch.multiple</cite> is used as a context manager, the value returned by the +context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'other'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'other'</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">'thing'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">])</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'thing'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">thing</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'other'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">other</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="patch-methods-start-and-stop"> +<span id="start-and-stop"></span><h2>patch methods: start and stop<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-methods-start-and-stop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>All the patchers have <cite>start</cite> and <cite>stop</cite> methods. These make it simpler to do +patching in <cite>setUp</cite> methods or where you want to do multiple patches without +nesting decorators or with statements.</p> +<p>To use them call <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> or <cite>patch.dict</cite> as normal and keep a +reference to the returned <cite>patcher</cite> object. You can then call <cite>start</cite> to put +the patch in place and <cite>stop</cite> to undo it.</p> +<p>If you are using <cite>patch</cite> to create a mock for you then it will be returned by +the call to <cite>patcher.start</cite>.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.ClassName'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">module</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">original</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the <cite>setUp</cite> +method of a <cite>TestCase</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.Class1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.Class2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_something'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<div class="admonition caution"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Caution</p> +<p>If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is “undone” by +calling <cite>stop</cite>. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an +exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> cleanup functions make this +easier.</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.Class'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test_something'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p class="last">As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the <cite>patcher</cite> +object.</p> +</div> +<p>It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using +<cite>patch.stopall</cite>.</p> +<dl class="function"> +<dt id="mock.patch.stopall"> +<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">stopall</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.stopall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with <cite>start</cite>.</p> +</dd></dl> + +</div> +<div class="section" id="test-prefix"> +<h2>TEST_PREFIX<a class="headerlink" href="#test-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way +they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that +start with <cite>test</cite> as being test methods. This is the same way that the +<cite>unittest.TestLoader</cite> finds test methods by default.</p> +<p>It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can +inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TEST_PREFIX</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'foo'</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> +<span class="go">>>></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'__main__.value'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'not three'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Thing</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">value</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">value</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="go">>>></span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Thing</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_one</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">not three</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Thing</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_two</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="go">not three</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">value</span> +<span class="go">3</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="nesting-patch-decorators"> +<h2>Nesting Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the +decorators.</p> +<p>You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'class_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'static_method'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock1</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock2</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'bar'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'bar'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +<p>Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the +standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks +passed into your test function matches this order.</p> +<p>Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib’s nested +function; <em>every</em> patching will appear in the tuple after “as”:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">nested</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">nested</span><span class="p">(</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.ClassName1'</span><span class="p">),</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'package.module.ClassName2'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span> +<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span> +<span class="gp">...</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="section" id="where-to-patch"> +<span id="id1"></span><h2>Where to patch<a class="headerlink" href="#where-to-patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p><cite>patch</cite> works by (temporarily) changing the object that a <em>name</em> points to with +another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so +for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system +under test.</p> +<p>The basic principle is that you patch where an object is <em>looked up</em>, which +is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of +examples will help to clarify this.</p> +<p>Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><pre>a.py + -> Defines SomeClass + +b.py + -> from a import SomeClass + -> some_function instantiates SomeClass</pre> +</div> +<p>Now we want to test <cite>some_function</cite> but we want to mock out <cite>SomeClass</cite> using +<cite>patch</cite>. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to +do then it imports <cite>SomeClass</cite> from module a. If we use <cite>patch</cite> to mock out +<cite>a.SomeClass</cite> then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a +reference to the <em>real</em> <cite>SomeClass</cite> and it looks like our patching had no +effect.</p> +<p>The key is to patch out <cite>SomeClass</cite> where it is used (or where it is looked up +). In this case <cite>some_function</cite> will actually look up <cite>SomeClass</cite> in module b, +where we have imported it. The patching should look like:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><cite>@patch(‘b.SomeClass’)</cite></div></blockquote> +<p>However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of <cite>from a import +SomeClass</cite> module b does <cite>import a</cite> and <cite>some_function</cite> uses <cite>a.SomeClass</cite>. Both +of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is +being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch <cite>a.SomeClass</cite> instead:</p> +<blockquote> +<div><cite>@patch(‘a.SomeClass’)</cite></div></blockquote> +</div> +<div class="section" id="patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects"> +<h2>Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Since version 0.6.0 both <a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a> have been able to correctly +patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties. +You should patch these on the <em>class</em> rather than an instance.</p> +<p>Since version 0.7.0 <a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a> work correctly with some objects +that proxy attribute access, like the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198">django setttings object</a>.</p> +<div class="admonition note"> +<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> +<p class="last">In django <cite>import settings</cite> and <cite>from django.conf import settings</cite> +return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you +may have to patch both. Grrr...</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Patch Decorators</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="mock.html" + title="previous chapter">The Mock Class</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="helpers.html" + title="next chapter">Helpers</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/patch.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="helpers.html" title="Helpers" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="mock.html" title="The Mock Class" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/sentinel.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/sentinel.html new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b28deb2c --- /dev/null +++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/sentinel.html @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + + <title>Sentinel — Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" /> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> + + <script type="text/javascript"> + var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { + URL_ROOT: '', + VERSION: '1.0.0', + COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, + FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', + HAS_SOURCE: true + }; + </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> + <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" /> + <link rel="next" title="Mocking Magic Methods" href="magicmock.html" /> + <link rel="prev" title="Helpers" href="helpers.html" /> + </head> + <body> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + accesskey="I">index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods" + accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="helpers.html" title="Helpers" + accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + + <div class="document"> + <div class="documentwrapper"> + <div class="bodywrapper"> + <div class="body"> + + <div class="section" id="sentinel"> +<h1>Sentinel<a class="headerlink" href="#sentinel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<dl class="data"> +<dt id="mock.sentinel"> +<tt class="descname">sentinel</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.sentinel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt> object provides a convenient way of providing unique +objects for your tests.</p> +<p>Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing +the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects +returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<dl class="data"> +<dt id="mock.DEFAULT"> +<tt class="descname">DEFAULT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.DEFAULT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> +<dd><p>The <cite>DEFAULT</cite> object is a pre-created sentinel (actually +<cite>sentinel.DEFAULT</cite>). It can be used by <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> +functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.</p> +</dd></dl> + +<div class="section" id="sentinel-example"> +<h2>Sentinel Example<a class="headerlink" href="#sentinel-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an +argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named +sentinel objects to test this. <cite>sentinel</cite> provides a convenient way of +creating and testing the identity of objects like this.</p> +<p>In this example we monkey patch <cite>method</cite> to return +<cite>sentinel.some_object</cite>:</p> +<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"method"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span> +<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span> +<span class="go">sentinel.some_object</span> +</pre></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="sphinxsidebar"> + <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> + <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> + <ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Sentinel</a><ul> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> + + <h4>Previous topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="helpers.html" + title="previous chapter">Helpers</a></p> + <h4>Next topic</h4> + <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html" + title="next chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p> + <h3>This Page</h3> + <ul class="this-page-menu"> + <li><a href="_sources/sentinel.txt" + rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> + </ul> +<div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> + <h3>Quick search</h3> + <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get"> + <input type="text" name="q" /> + <input type="submit" value="Go" /> + <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> + <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> + </form> + <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> + Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. + </p> +</div> +<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> + </div> + </div> + <div class="clearer"></div> + </div> + <div class="related"> + <h3>Navigation</h3> + <ul> + <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> + <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" + >index</a></li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods" + >next</a> |</li> + <li class="right" > + <a href="helpers.html" title="Helpers" + >previous</a> |</li> + <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> »</li> + </ul> + </div> + <div class="footer"> + © Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team. + Last updated on Oct 07, 2012. + Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. + </div> + </body> +</html>
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