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authorMatt A. Tobin <mattatobin@localhost.localdomain>2018-02-02 04:16:08 -0500
committerMatt A. Tobin <mattatobin@localhost.localdomain>2018-02-02 04:16:08 -0500
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tree10027f336435511475e392454359edea8e25895d /python/mock-1.0.0/html
parent49ee0794b5d912db1f95dce6eb52d781dc210db5 (diff)
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@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+
+CHANGELOG
+=========
+
+2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0
+------------------------
+
+No changes since 1.0.0 beta 1. This version has feature parity with
+`unittest.mock
+<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3.
+
+Full list of changes since 0.8:
+
+* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed
+* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+ `AttributeError`)
+* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open`
+* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without
+ requiring a spec
+* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties
+* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+ methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented`
+* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other
+ libraries
+* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that
+ can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov
+* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of
+ returned
+* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments
+* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start`
+* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks
+* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could
+ raise an exception
+* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and
+ `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error
+* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could
+ result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead
+* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with
+ `spec_set=True` did not work correctly
+* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored
+* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a
+ non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable
+
+
+2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1
+--------------------------------
+
+* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start`
+* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks
+* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could
+ raise an exception
+
+
+2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2
+--------------------------------
+
+* `PropertyMock` attributes are now standard `MagicMocks`
+* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that
+ can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov
+* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of
+ returned
+* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments
+
+
+2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1
+--------------------------------
+
+The standard library version!
+
+* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed
+* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+ `AttributeError`)
+* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open`
+* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without
+ requiring a spec
+* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties
+* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+ methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented`
+* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other
+ libraries
+* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and
+ `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error
+* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could
+ result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead
+* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with
+ `spec_set=True` did not work correctly
+* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored
+* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a
+ non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable
+
+
+2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0
+------------------------
+
+The only changes since 0.8rc2 are:
+
+* Improved repr of :data:`sentinel` objects
+* :data:`ANY` can be used for comparisons against :data:`call` objects
+* The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` method can be set to
+ any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator
+
+Full List of changes since 0.7:
+
+mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.
+
+* Addition of :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic
+ methods and chained calls)
+* :func:`patch` and :func:`patch.object` now create a :class:`MagicMock`
+ instead of a :class:`Mock` by default
+* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and
+ `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration
+* New mock method :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` for setting attributes and
+ return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes
+* New mock assert methods :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call` and
+ :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`
+* Implemented :ref:`auto-speccing` (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with
+ mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the `autospec` argument to
+ `patch`
+* Added the :func:`create_autospec` function for manually creating
+ 'auto-specced' mocks
+* :func:`patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using
+ keyword arguments
+* Setting :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock
+ to return the next value from the iterable
+* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to
+ pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be
+ called to replace the object being patched
+* Addition of :class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks
+ without a `__call__` method
+* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a
+ spec on an existing mock
+* Protocol methods on :class:`MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created
+ lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is
+ a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` as it was previously
+* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method
+* Added :data:`ANY` for ignoring arguments in :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+ calls
+* Addition of :data:`call` helper object
+* Improved repr for mocks
+* Improved repr for :attr:`Mock.call_args` and entries in
+ :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`, :attr:`Mock.method_calls` and
+ :attr:`Mock.mock_calls`
+* Improved repr for :data:`sentinel` objects
+* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time
+* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically
+ created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+ well as all the mock methods and attributes.
+* Module level :data:`FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters
+ private attributes. `True` by default.
+* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+ used to decorate a class
+* Support for using Java exceptions as a :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` on Jython
+* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now
+ custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have
+ a nicer representation if you `str` or `print` them
+* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+ recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is
+ already set on the child)
+* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and
+ `assert_called_once_with`
+* The return value of the :class:`MagicMock` `__iter__` method can be set to
+ any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator
+* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by
+ :func:`mocksignature`
+* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` &
+ `spec_set` arguments
+* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error
+ message
+* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse
+* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave
+ patches in place
+* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on
+ mocks in Python 3
+* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with
+ `self` as a keyword argument
+* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+ boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created
+ mock (the "instance")
+* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation
+* Removal of deprecated `patch_object`
+* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent`
+ (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.
+* Added license file to the distribution
+
+
+2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2
+--------------------------------------------
+
+* Removed the `configure` keyword argument to `create_autospec` and allow
+ arbitrary keyword arguments (for the `Mock` constructor) instead
+* Fixed `ANY` equality with some types in `assert_called_with` calls
+* Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with
+ `readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_)
+
+
+2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1
+--------------------------------------------
+
+* `create_autospec` on the return value of a mocked class will use `__call__`
+ for the signature rather than `__init__`
+* Performance improvement instantiating `Mock` and `MagicMock`
+* Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of
+ being hardcoded to `MagicMock`
+
+Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving
+performance in this release.
+
+
+2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4
+-------------------------------
+
+* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time
+* When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded
+ in mock_calls
+* Addition of `attach_mock` method
+* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse
+* BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock
+ return value to be itself etc)
+
+
+2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3
+-------------------------------
+
+* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+ recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is
+ already set on the child)
+* Addition of `mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a spec on an
+ existing mock
+* Improved repr for `Mock.call_args` and entries in `Mock.call_args_list`,
+ `Mock.method_calls` and `Mock.mock_calls`
+* Improved repr for mocks
+* BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way `mock_calls` is worked out,
+ especially for "intermediate" mocks in a call chain
+
+
+2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2
+-------------------------------
+
+* Setting `side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return
+ the next value from the iterable
+* Added `assert_any_call` method
+* Moved `assert_has_calls` from call lists onto mocks
+* BUGFIX: `call_args` and all members of `call_args_list` are two tuples of
+ `(args, kwargs)` again instead of three tuples of `(name, args, kwargs)`
+
+
+2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1
+-------------------------------
+
+* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+ used to decorate a class
+* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now
+ custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have
+ an `assert_has_calls` method for unordered call checks
+* `callargs` changed to *always* be a three-tuple of `(name, args, kwargs)`
+* Addition of `mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic methods and
+ chained calls)
+* Extension of `call` object to support chained calls and `callargs` for better
+ comparisons with or without names. `call` object has a `call_list` method for
+ chained calls
+* Added the public `instance` argument to `create_autospec`
+* Support for using Java exceptions as a `side_effect` on Jython
+* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and
+ `assert_called_once_with`
+* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` &
+ `spec_set` arguments
+* BUGFIX: Fixed bug in `patch.multiple` for argument passing when creating
+ mocks
+* Added license file to the distribution
+
+
+2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2
+--------------------------------
+
+* `patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword
+ arguments
+* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to
+ pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be
+ called to replace the object being patched
+* Addition of `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks without a
+ `__call__` method
+* Mocks created by `patch` have a `MagicMock` as the `return_value` where a
+ class is being patched
+* `create_autospec` can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects.
+ `return_value` mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has
+ a `__call__` method
+* `autospec` creates a `MagicMock` without a spec for properties and slot
+ descriptors, because we don't know the type of object they return
+* Removed the "inherit" argument from `create_autospec`
+* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error
+ message
+* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave
+ patches in place
+* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on
+ mocks in Python 3
+* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with
+ `self` as a keyword argument
+* BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that
+ isn't the first argument no longer broken
+* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+ boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created
+ mock (the "instance")
+* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation
+
+
+2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1
+--------------------------------
+
+mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.
+
+* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and
+ `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration
+* New mock method `configure_mock` for setting attributes and return values /
+ side effects on the mock and its attributes
+* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically
+ created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+ well as all the mock methods and attributes.
+* Module level `FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters
+ private attributes. `True` by default. Note that `vars(Mock())` can still be
+ used to get all instance attributes and `dir(type(Mock())` will still return
+ all the other attributes (irrespective of `FILTER_DIR`)
+* `patch` and `patch.object` now create a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` by
+ default
+* Added `ANY` for ignoring arguments in `assert_called_with` calls
+* Addition of `call` helper object
+* Protocol methods on `MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created lazily on
+ first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a
+ MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously
+* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by
+ `mocksignature`
+* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent`
+ (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.
+* Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked
+ signatures for functions/methods)
+
+ Limitations:
+
+ - Doesn't mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the
+ magic methods are *there*, they just don't have the signature mocked nor
+ are attributes followed)
+ - Doesn't mock function / method attributes
+ - Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so
+ properties etc may be triggered
+ - The return value of mocked classes (the 'instance') has the same call
+ signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec)
+
+ You create auto-specced mocks by passing `autospec=True` to `patch`.
+
+ Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a
+ spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is
+ typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other
+ type, and as we don't know what type that may be we allow all access.
+
+ Note that the `autospec` option to `patch` obsoletes the `mocksignature`
+ option.
+
+* Added the `create_autospec` function for manually creating 'auto-specced'
+ mocks
+* Removal of deprecated `patch_object`
+
+
+2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2
+------------------------
+
+* BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs
+* BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the
+ default equality / inequality. This is done through a `side_effect` on
+ the mocks used for `__eq__` / `__ne__`
+
+
+2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1
+------------------------
+
+Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes.
+
+* Include template in package
+* Use isolated binaries for the tox tests
+* Unset executable bit on docs
+* Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt
+
+
+2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0
+------------------------
+
+No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish
+new `Sphinx theme <https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/>`_.
+
+The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are:
+
+* Python 3 compatibility
+* Ability to mock magic methods with `Mock` and addition of `MagicMock`
+ with pre-created magic methods
+* Addition of `mocksignature` and `mocksignature` argument to `patch` and
+ `patch.object`
+* Addition of `patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test
+* Ability to use `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` as class decorators
+* Renamed ``patch_object`` to `patch.object` (``patch_object`` is
+ deprecated)
+* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls`
+ now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+ or kwargs are skipped
+* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop
+ methods
+* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method
+* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used
+ in the repr
+* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec
+* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO`
+* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used,
+ attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+ `AttributeError`
+* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__`
+ returns the type of the spec)
+* Added docstrings to all objects
+* Improved failure message for `Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock
+ has not been called at all
+* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__`
+ preserved on Python 2.4.
+* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+ proxy attribute access, like the django settings object
+* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+ diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes
+* BUGFIX: ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__``
+ as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+ diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like
+ ``KeyboardInterrupt``
+* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+ return value
+* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly
+* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4
+* Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run
+* Tested with `tox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox>`_ on Python 2.4 - 3.2,
+ jython and pypy (excluding 3.0)
+* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+ Thanks to Florian Bauer
+* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control
+* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer
+
+
+2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1
+-----------------------------
+
+Changes since beta 4:
+
+* Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1
+* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__`
+ preserved on Python 2.4
+* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+ proxy attribute access, like the django settings object
+* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+ return value
+
+
+2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4
+-------------------------------
+
+* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop
+ methods
+* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method
+* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec
+* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO`
+* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used,
+ attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+ `AttributeError`
+* Attributes and return value of a `MagicMock` are `MagicMock` objects
+* Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an `AttributeError`
+* `patch.dict` works as a class decorator
+* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control
+* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+ diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes
+* BUGFIX: `mocksignature=True` can now patch instance methods via
+ `patch.object`
+
+
+2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3
+-------------------------------
+
+* Using spec with :class:`MagicMock` only pre-creates magic methods in the spec
+* Setting a magic method on a mock with a ``spec`` can only be done if the
+ spec has that method
+* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used
+ in the repr
+* `mocksignature` can now be used with classes (signature based on `__init__`)
+ and callable objects (signature based on `__call__`)
+* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__`
+ returns the type of the spec)
+* Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the
+ MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False)
+* Improved failure message for :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock
+ has not been called at all
+* Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods:
+
+ - ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+ - pickle methods
+ - ``__trunc__``, ``__ceil__`` and ``__floor__``
+ - ``__sizeof__``
+
+* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+ Thanks to Florian Bauer
+* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4
+* Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7
+* Improved several docstrings and documentation
+
+
+2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2
+-------------------------------
+
+* :func:`patch.dict` works as a context manager as well as a decorator
+* ``patch.dict`` takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary
+ object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported
+* BUGFIX: ``patch.dict`` restores dictionary even when an exception is raised
+
+
+2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1
+-------------------------------
+
+* Addition of :func:`mocksignature`
+* Ability to mock magic methods
+* Ability to use ``patch`` and ``patch.object`` as class decorators
+* Renamed ``patch_object`` to :func:`patch.object` (``patch_object`` is
+ deprecated)
+* Addition of :class:`MagicMock` class with all magic methods pre-created for you
+* Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 & 3.1 as
+ well)
+* Addition of :func:`patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test
+* Addition of ``mocksignature`` argument to ``patch`` and ``patch.object``
+* ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__``
+ as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+ diagnosing this)
+* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls`
+ now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+ or kwargs are skipped
+* Added docstrings.
+* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like
+ ``KeyboardInterrupt``
+* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly
+* The tests now require `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_
+ to run
+* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer
+
+
+2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0
+------------------------
+
+* New test layout compatible with test discovery
+* Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and
+ restored correctly
+* Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting ``side_effect`` to an
+ exception class or instance
+* Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if
+ an explicit return_value is set
+
+
+2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0
+------------------------
+
+* Made DEFAULT part of the public api.
+* Documentation built with Sphinx.
+* ``side_effect`` is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and
+ if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the ``mock.return_value``.
+* ``wraps`` keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object).
+* ``Mock.reset`` renamed to ``Mock.reset_mock``, as reset is a common API name.
+* ``patch`` / ``patch_object`` are now context managers and can be used with ``with``.
+* A new 'create' keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch
+ (and unpatch) attributes that don't exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow
+ you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn't exist - use at
+ your own risk!)
+* The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec
+ argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from.
+* Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed
+ in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix.
+* patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is
+ passed in as 'True' then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing
+ as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return
+ value for the mock will also use the class as a spec.
+* A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes
+ (they will raise an ``AttributeError`` instead).
+
+
+2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0
+------------------------
+
+* Default return value is now a new mock rather than None
+* return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor
+* New method 'assert_called_with'
+* Added 'side_effect' attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called
+* patch decorator split into two decorators:
+
+ - ``patch_object`` which takes an object and an attribute name to patch
+ (plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object)
+ - ``patch`` which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form
+ 'package.module.Class.attribute'. (plus optionally a value to
+ patch with which defaults to a mock object)
+
+* Can now patch objects with ``None``
+* Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions
+* Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets
+ call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and
+ the return value if it is a mock).
+
+Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions.
+
+
+2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1
+-------------------------
+
+``patch`` maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose
+test autodiscovery.
+
+Tests decorated with ``patch`` that use the two argument form (implicit mock
+creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments.
+
+Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes.
+
+
+2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0
+-------------------------
+
+Removed ``patch_module``. ``patch`` can now take a string as the first
+argument for patching modules.
+
+The third argument to ``patch`` is optional - a mock will be created by
+default if it is not passed in.
+
+
+2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1
+-------------------------
+
+Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with ``patch`` and ``patch_module``.
+
+
+2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0
+-------------------------
+
+Added ``spec`` keyword argument for creating ``Mock`` objects from a
+specification object.
+
+Added ``patch`` and ``patch_module`` monkey patching decorators.
+
+Added ``sentinel`` for convenient access to unique objects.
+
+Distribution includes unit tests.
+
+
+2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0
+-------------------------
+
+Initial release.
+
+
+TODO and Limitations
+====================
+
+Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed!
+
+Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker:
+
+ * `mock issue tracker <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_
+
+`wraps` is not integrated with magic methods.
+
+`patch` could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the
+destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be
+unsafe for IronPython & PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors).
+Destructors aren't called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak
+reference with a callback can be used to get round this.
+
+`Mock` has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects
+that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods
+that *hide* these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these
+attributes are renamed to gain a `_mock` prefix, making it less likely that
+they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven't been modified with
+the prefix should be changed.
+
+If a patch is started using `patch.start` and then not stopped correctly then
+the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to
+detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This
+would be tricky to get right though.
+
+When a `Mock` is created by `patch`, arbitrary keywords can be used to set
+attributes. If `patch` is created with a `spec`, and is replacing a class, then
+a `return_value` mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the
+child mock, but could be.
+
+When mocking a class with `patch`, passing in `spec=True` or `autospec=True`,
+the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the
+default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec
+from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword
+argument (`inherit`) to the Mock constructor? `create_autospec` does this, so
+an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary.
+
+The `mocksignature` argument to `patch` with a non `Mock` passed into
+`new_callable` will *probably* cause an error. Should it just be invalid?
+
+Note that `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock` still have the unused
+(and unusable) attributes: `return_value`, `side_effect`, `call_count`,
+`call_args` and `call_args_list`. These could be removed or raise errors on
+getting / setting. They also have the `assert_called_with` and
+`assert_called_once_with` methods. Removing these would be pointless as
+fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without
+error.
+
+Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function
+signatures was copied and modified from `mocksignature`. This could all be
+refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if
+patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a `patch.multiple`
+call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should
+be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a
+module.)
+
+Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to `create_autospec`, or `patch` with
+`autospec`, when mocking a *function* works fine. However, the arbitrary
+attributes are set on the created mock - but `create_autospec` returns a
+real function (which doesn't have those attributes). However, what is the use
+case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don't exist
+on the original?
+
+`mocksignature`, plus the `call_args_list` and `method_calls` attributes of
+`Mock` could all be deprecated.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41555308e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+=========================
+ Mock Library Comparison
+=========================
+
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ def assertEqual(a, b):
+ assert a == b, ("%r != %r" % (a, b))
+
+ def assertRaises(Exc, func):
+ try:
+ func()
+ except Exc:
+ return
+ assert False, ("%s not raised" % Exc)
+
+ sys.modules['somemodule'] = somemodule = mock.Mock(name='somemodule')
+ class SomeException(Exception):
+ some_method = method1 = method2 = None
+ some_other_object = SomeObject = SomeException
+
+
+A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and
+some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.
+
+These are:
+
+* `flexmock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock>`_
+* `mox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox>`_
+* `Mocker <http://niemeyer.net/mocker>`_
+* `dingus <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus>`_
+* `fudge <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge>`_
+
+Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include
+`MiniMock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock>`_.
+
+`pMock <http://pmock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2004 and doesn't import
+in recent versions of Python) and
+`python-mock <http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2005) are
+intentionally omitted.
+
+.. note::
+
+ A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock
+ examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this
+ comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:
+
+ * `Python Mock Library Comparison
+ <http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_
+
+This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic
+for all the libraries represented. *Please* contribute corrections, missing
+comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the `mock issue
+tracker <https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_.
+
+This comparison page was originally created by the `Mox project
+<https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison>`_ and then extended for
+`flexmock and mock <http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html>`_ by
+Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by `Gary Bernhadt
+<http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_. fudge examples
+provided by `Kumar McMillan <http://farmdev.com/>`_.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking
+ *framework* rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally
+ exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make
+ harder. In particular you can take a `Mock` or `MagicMock` object and use
+ it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also
+ true for Dingus.
+
+ The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.
+
+
+Simple fake object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+ >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "calculated value"
+ >>> my_mock.some_attribute = "value"
+ >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_mock.some_method())
+ >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ mock = flexmock(some_method=lambda: "calculated value", some_attribute="value")
+ assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+ # Mox
+ mock = mox.MockAnything()
+ mock.some_method().AndReturn("calculated value")
+ mock.some_attribute = "value"
+ mox.Replay(mock)
+ assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+ # Mocker
+ mock = mocker.mock()
+ mock.some_method()
+ mocker.result("calculated value")
+ mocker.replay()
+ mock.some_attribute = "value"
+ assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_attribute="value",
+ ... some_method__returns="calculated value")
+ >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_dingus.some_method())
+ >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+ ... .provides('some_method')
+ ... .returns("calculated value")
+ ... .has_attr(some_attribute="value"))
+ ...
+ >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_fake.some_method())
+ >>> assertEqual("value", my_fake.some_attribute)
+
+
+Simple mock
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+ >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "value"
+ >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_method())
+ >>> my_mock.some_method.assert_called_once_with()
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ mock = flexmock()
+ mock.should_receive("some_method").and_return("value").once
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+
+ # Mox
+ mock = mox.MockAnything()
+ mock.some_method().AndReturn("value")
+ mox.Replay(mock)
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+ mox.Verify(mock)
+
+ # Mocker
+ mock = mocker.mock()
+ mock.some_method()
+ mocker.result("value")
+ mocker.replay()
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+ mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_method__returns="value")
+ >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_method())
+ >>> assert my_dingus.some_method.calls().once()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> @fudge.test
+ ... def test():
+ ... my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+ ... .expects('some_method')
+ ... .returns("value")
+ ... .times_called(1))
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called
+
+
+Creating partial mocks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> SomeObject.some_method = mock.Mock(return_value='value')
+ >>> assertEqual("value", SomeObject.some_method())
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ flexmock(SomeObject).should_receive("some_method").and_return('value')
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+
+ # Mox
+ mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject)
+ mock.some_method().AndReturn("value")
+ mox.Replay(mock)
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+ mox.Verify(mock)
+
+ # Mocker
+ mock = mocker.mock(SomeObject)
+ mock.Get()
+ mocker.result("value")
+ mocker.replay()
+ assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+ mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> object = SomeObject
+ >>> object.some_method = dingus.Dingus(return_value="value")
+ >>> assertEqual("value", object.some_method())
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> fake = fudge.Fake().is_callable().returns("<fudge-value>")
+ >>> with fudge.patched_context(SomeObject, 'some_method', fake):
+ ... s = SomeObject()
+ ... assertEqual("<fudge-value>", s.some_method())
+ ...
+
+
+Ensure calls are made in specific order
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.Mock(spec=SomeObject)
+ >>> my_mock.method1()
+ <Mock name='mock.method1()' id='...'>
+ >>> my_mock.method2()
+ <Mock name='mock.method2()' id='...'>
+ >>> assertEqual(my_mock.mock_calls, [call.method1(), call.method2()])
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ mock = flexmock(SomeObject)
+ mock.should_receive('method1').once.ordered.and_return('first thing')
+ mock.should_receive('method2').once.ordered.and_return('second thing')
+
+ # Mox
+ mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject)
+ mock.method1().AndReturn('first thing')
+ mock.method2().AndReturn('second thing')
+ mox.Replay(mock)
+ mox.Verify(mock)
+
+ # Mocker
+ mock = mocker.mock()
+ with mocker.order():
+ mock.method1()
+ mocker.result('first thing')
+ mock.method2()
+ mocker.result('second thing')
+ mocker.replay()
+ mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+ >>> my_dingus.method1()
+ <Dingus ...>
+ >>> my_dingus.method2()
+ <Dingus ...>
+ >>> assertEqual(['method1', 'method2'], [call.name for call in my_dingus.calls])
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> @fudge.test
+ ... def test():
+ ... my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+ ... .remember_order()
+ ... .expects('method1')
+ ... .expects('method2'))
+ ... my_fake.method2()
+ ... my_fake.method1()
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected: #1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end
+
+
+Raising exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+ >>> my_mock.some_method.side_effect = SomeException("message")
+ >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_mock.some_method)
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ mock = flexmock()
+ mock.should_receive("some_method").and_raise(SomeException("message"))
+ assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+
+ # Mox
+ mock = mox.MockAnything()
+ mock.some_method().AndRaise(SomeException("message"))
+ mox.Replay(mock)
+ assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+ mox.Verify(mock)
+
+ # Mocker
+ mock = mocker.mock()
+ mock.some_method()
+ mocker.throw(SomeException("message"))
+ mocker.replay()
+ assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+ mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+ >>> my_dingus.some_method = dingus.exception_raiser(SomeException)
+ >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_dingus.some_method)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+ ... .is_callable()
+ ... .raises(SomeException("message")))
+ ...
+ >>> my_fake()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ SomeException: message
+
+
+Override new instances of a class
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> with mock.patch('somemodule.Someclass') as MockClass:
+ ... MockClass.return_value = some_other_object
+ ... assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.Someclass())
+ ...
+
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ flexmock(some_module.SomeClass, new_instances=some_other_object)
+ assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass())
+
+ # Mox
+ # (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)
+ mox.Mox().StubOutWithMock(some_module, 'SomeClass', use_mock_anything=True)
+ some_module.SomeClass().AndReturn(some_other_object)
+ mox.ReplayAll()
+ assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass())
+
+ # Mocker
+ instance = mocker.mock()
+ klass = mocker.replace(SomeClass, spec=None)
+ klass('expected', 'args')
+ mocker.result(instance)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> MockClass = dingus.Dingus(return_value=some_other_object)
+ >>> with dingus.patch('somemodule.SomeClass', MockClass):
+ ... assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass())
+ ...
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> @fudge.patch('somemodule.SomeClass')
+ ... def test(FakeClass):
+ ... FakeClass.is_callable().returns(some_other_object)
+ ... assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass())
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+
+Call the same method multiple times
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. note::
+
+ You don't need to do *any* configuration to call `mock.Mock()` methods
+ multiple times. Attributes like `call_count`, `call_args_list` and
+ `method_calls` provide various different ways of making assertions about
+ how the mock was used.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+ >>> my_mock.some_method()
+ <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'>
+ >>> my_mock.some_method()
+ <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'>
+ >>> assert my_mock.some_method.call_count >= 2
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)
+ flexmock(some_object).should_receive('some_method').at_least.twice
+
+ # Mox
+ # (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)
+ mock = mox.MockObject(some_object)
+ mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg())
+ mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg())
+ mox.Replay(mock)
+ mox.Verify(mock)
+
+ # Mocker
+ # (TODO)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+ >>> my_dingus.some_method()
+ <Dingus ...>
+ >>> my_dingus.some_method()
+ <Dingus ...>
+ >>> assert len(my_dingus.calls('some_method')) == 2
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> @fudge.test
+ ... def test():
+ ... my_fake = fudge.Fake().expects('some_method').times_called(2)
+ ... my_fake.some_method()
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.
+
+
+Mock chained methods
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+ >>> method3 = my_mock.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3
+ >>> method3.return_value = 'some value'
+ >>> assertEqual('some value', my_mock.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+ >>> method3.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
+
+::
+
+ # Flexmock
+ # (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects
+ # and can be called with any arguments)
+ flexmock(some_object).should_receive(
+ 'method1.method2.method3'
+ ).with_args(arg1, arg2).and_return('some value')
+ assertEqual('some_value', some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2))
+
+::
+
+ # Mox
+ mock = mox.MockObject(some_object)
+ mock2 = mox.MockAnything()
+ mock3 = mox.MockAnything()
+ mock.method1().AndReturn(mock1)
+ mock2.method2().AndReturn(mock2)
+ mock3.method3(arg1, arg2).AndReturn('some_value')
+ self.mox.ReplayAll()
+ assertEqual("some_value", some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2))
+ self.mox.VerifyAll()
+
+ # Mocker
+ # (TODO)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+ >>> method3 = my_dingus.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3
+ >>> method3.return_value = 'some value'
+ >>> assertEqual('some value', my_dingus.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+ >>> assert method3.calls('()', 1, 2).once()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> @fudge.test
+ ... def test():
+ ... my_fake = fudge.Fake()
+ ... (my_fake
+ ... .expects('method1')
+ ... .returns_fake()
+ ... .expects('method2')
+ ... .returns_fake()
+ ... .expects('method3')
+ ... .with_args(1, 2)
+ ... .returns('some value'))
+ ... assertEqual('some value', my_fake.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+
+Mocking a context manager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock()
+ >>> with my_mock:
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> my_mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+ >>> my_mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+::
+
+
+ >>> # Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are "magic mocks")
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+ >>> with my_dingus:
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> assert my_dingus.__enter__.calls()
+ >>> assert my_dingus.__exit__.calls('()', None, None, None)
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> my_fake = fudge.Fake().provides('__enter__').provides('__exit__')
+ >>> with my_fake:
+ ... pass
+ ...
+
+
+Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Example for mock only (so far):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock()
+ >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', my_mock):
+ ... manager = my_mock.return_value.__enter__.return_value
+ ... manager.read.return_value = 'some data'
+ ... with open('foo') as h:
+ ... data = h.read()
+ ...
+ >>> data
+ 'some data'
+ >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+*or*:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> # mock
+ >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open') as my_mock:
+ ... my_mock.return_value.__enter__ = lambda s: s
+ ... my_mock.return_value.__exit__ = mock.Mock()
+ ... my_mock.return_value.read.return_value = 'some data'
+ ... with open('foo') as h:
+ ... data = h.read()
+ ...
+ >>> data
+ 'some data'
+ >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+::
+
+ >>> # Dingus
+ >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+ >>> with dingus.patch('__builtin__.open', my_dingus):
+ ... file_ = open.return_value.__enter__.return_value
+ ... file_.read.return_value = 'some data'
+ ... with open('foo') as h:
+ ... data = f.read()
+ ...
+ >>> data
+ 'some data'
+ >>> assert my_dingus.calls('()', 'foo').once()
+
+::
+
+ >>> # fudge
+ >>> from contextlib import contextmanager
+ >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+ >>> @contextmanager
+ ... def fake_file(filename):
+ ... yield StringIO('sekrets')
+ ...
+ >>> with fudge.patch('__builtin__.open') as fake_open:
+ ... fake_open.is_callable().calls(fake_file)
+ ... with open('/etc/password') as f:
+ ... data = f.read()
+ ...
+ fake:__builtin__.open
+ >>> data
+ 'sekrets' \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecb994b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@
+.. _further-examples:
+
+==================
+ Further Examples
+==================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ from datetime import date
+
+ BackendProvider = Mock()
+ sys.modules['mymodule'] = mymodule = Mock(name='mymodule')
+
+ def grob(val):
+ "First frob and then clear val"
+ mymodule.frob(val)
+ val.clear()
+
+ mymodule.frob = lambda val: val
+ mymodule.grob = grob
+ mymodule.date = date
+
+ class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+ def run(self):
+ result = unittest2.TestResult()
+ out = unittest2.TestCase.run(self, result)
+ assert result.wasSuccessful()
+
+ from mock import inPy3k
+
+
+
+For comprehensive examples, see the unit tests included in the full source
+distribution.
+
+Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in
+the :ref:`getting started <getting-started>` guide.
+
+
+Mocking chained calls
+=====================
+
+Mocking chained calls is actually straightforward with mock once you
+understand the :attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. When a mock is called for
+the first time, or you fetch its `return_value` before it has been called, a
+new `Mock` is created.
+
+This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked
+object has been used by interrogating the `return_value` mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock().foo(a=2, b=3)
+ <Mock name='mock().foo()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.return_value.foo.assert_called_with(a=2, b=3)
+
+From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about
+chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more
+testable way in the first place...
+
+So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Something(object):
+ ... def __init__(self):
+ ... self.backend = BackendProvider()
+ ... def method(self):
+ ... response = self.backend.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call()
+ ... # more code
+
+Assuming that `BackendProvider` is already well tested, how do we test
+`method()`? Specifically, we want to test that the code section `# more
+code` uses the response object in the correct way.
+
+As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch
+the `backend` attribute on a `Something` instance. In this particular case
+we are only interested in the return value from the final call to
+`start_call` so we don't have much configuration to do. Let's assume the
+object it returns is 'file-like', so we'll ensure that our response object
+uses the builtin `file` as its `spec`.
+
+To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock
+response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final
+`start_call` we could do this:
+
+ `mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response`.
+
+We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock`
+method to directly set the return value for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> something = Something()
+ >>> mock_response = Mock(spec=file)
+ >>> mock_backend = Mock()
+ >>> config = {'get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value': mock_response}
+ >>> mock_backend.configure_mock(**config)
+
+With these we monkey patch the "mock backend" in place and can make the real
+call:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> something.backend = mock_backend
+ >>> something.method()
+
+Using :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` we can check the chained call with a single
+assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be
+several entries in `mock_calls`. We can use :meth:`call.call_list` to create
+this list of calls for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> chained = call.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call()
+ >>> call_list = chained.call_list()
+ >>> assert mock_backend.mock_calls == call_list
+
+
+Partial mocking
+===============
+
+In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to `datetime.date.today()
+<http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today>`_ to return
+a known date, but I didn't want to prevent the code under test from
+creating new date objects. Unfortunately `datetime.date` is written in C, and
+so I couldn't just monkey-patch out the static `date.today` method.
+
+I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date
+class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real
+class (and returning real instances).
+
+The :func:`patch decorator <patch>` is used here to
+mock out the `date` class in the module under test. The :attr:`side_effect`
+attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns
+a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be
+constructed and returned by `side_effect`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from datetime import date
+ >>> with patch('mymodule.date') as mock_date:
+ ... mock_date.today.return_value = date(2010, 10, 8)
+ ... mock_date.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: date(*args, **kw)
+ ...
+ ... assert mymodule.date.today() == date(2010, 10, 8)
+ ... assert mymodule.date(2009, 6, 8) == date(2009, 6, 8)
+ ...
+
+Note that we don't patch `datetime.date` globally, we patch `date` in the
+module that *uses* it. See :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+When `date.today()` is called a known date is returned, but calls to the
+`date(...)` constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find
+yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same
+algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern.
+
+Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the `mock_date` attributes
+(`call_count` and friends) which may also be useful for your tests.
+
+An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes,
+is discussed in `this blog entry
+<http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_.
+
+
+Mocking a Generator Method
+==========================
+
+A Python generator is a function or method that uses the `yield statement
+<http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement>`_ to
+return a series of values when iterated over [#]_.
+
+A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is
+the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for
+iteration is `__iter__
+<http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__>`_, so we can
+mock this using a `MagicMock`.
+
+Here's an example class with an "iter" method implemented as a generator:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Foo(object):
+ ... def iter(self):
+ ... for i in [1, 2, 3]:
+ ... yield i
+ ...
+ >>> foo = Foo()
+ >>> list(foo.iter())
+ [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+How would we mock this class, and in particular its "iter" method?
+
+To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to
+`list`), we need to configure the object returned by the call to `foo.iter()`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock_foo = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock_foo.iter.return_value = iter([1, 2, 3])
+ >>> list(mock_foo.iter())
+ [1, 2, 3]
+
+.. [#] There are also generator expressions and more `advanced uses
+ <http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html>`_ of generators, but we aren't
+ concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how
+ powerful they are is: `Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers
+ <http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/>`_.
+
+
+Applying the same patch to every test method
+============================================
+
+If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way
+is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary
+repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use `patch` (in all its
+various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test
+methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start
+with `test`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> @patch('mymodule.SomeClass')
+ ... class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ...
+ ... def test_one(self, MockSomeClass):
+ ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass)
+ ...
+ ... def test_two(self, MockSomeClass):
+ ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass)
+ ...
+ ... def not_a_test(self):
+ ... return 'something'
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_one').test_one()
+ >>> MyTest('test_two').test_two()
+ >>> MyTest('test_two').not_a_test()
+ 'something'
+
+An alternative way of managing patches is to use the :ref:`start-and-stop`.
+These allow you to move the patching into your `setUp` and `tearDown` methods.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ... def setUp(self):
+ ... self.patcher = patch('mymodule.foo')
+ ... self.mock_foo = self.patcher.start()
+ ...
+ ... def test_foo(self):
+ ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo)
+ ...
+ ... def tearDown(self):
+ ... self.patcher.stop()
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+
+If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2
+<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this simpler:
+
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ... def setUp(self):
+ ... patcher = patch('mymodule.foo')
+ ... self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+ ... self.mock_foo = patcher.start()
+ ...
+ ... def test_foo(self):
+ ... self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo)
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+
+
+Mocking Unbound Methods
+=======================
+
+Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an *unbound method* (patching the
+method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed
+in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects
+were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can't patch with a
+mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn't
+become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn't get
+self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real
+function instead. The :func:`patch` decorator makes it so simple to
+patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a
+nuisance.
+
+If you pass `autospec=True` to patch then it does the patching with a
+*real* function object. This function object has the same signature as the one
+it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your
+mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is
+that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked
+function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance.
+It will have `self` passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I
+wanted:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Foo(object):
+ ... def foo(self):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> with patch.object(Foo, 'foo', autospec=True) as mock_foo:
+ ... mock_foo.return_value = 'foo'
+ ... foo = Foo()
+ ... foo.foo()
+ ...
+ 'foo'
+ >>> mock_foo.assert_called_once_with(foo)
+
+If we don't use `autospec=True` then the unbound method is patched out
+with a Mock instance instead, and isn't called with `self`.
+
+
+Checking multiple calls with mock
+=================================
+
+mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.foo_bar.return_value = None
+ >>> mock.foo_bar('baz', spam='eggs')
+ >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+
+If your mock is only being called once you can use the
+:meth:`assert_called_once_with` method that also asserts that the
+:attr:`call_count` is one.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+ >>> mock.foo_bar()
+ >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+Both `assert_called_with` and `assert_called_once_with` make assertions about
+the *most recent* call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and
+you want to make assertions about *all* those calls you can use
+:attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> mock(4, 5, 6)
+ >>> mock()
+ >>> mock.call_args_list
+ [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]
+
+The :data:`call` helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You
+can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to `call_args_list`. This
+looks remarkably similar to the repr of the `call_args_list`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]
+ >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
+ True
+
+
+Coping with mutable arguments
+=============================
+
+Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with
+mutable arguments. `call_args` and `call_args_list` store *references* to the
+arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no
+longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called.
+
+Here's some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions
+defined in 'mymodule'::
+
+ def frob(val):
+ pass
+
+ def grob(val):
+ "First frob and then clear val"
+ frob(val)
+ val.clear()
+
+When we try to test that `grob` calls `frob` with the correct argument look
+what happens:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob:
+ ... val = set([6])
+ ... mymodule.grob(val)
+ ...
+ >>> val
+ set([])
+ >>> mock_frob.assert_called_with(set([6]))
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected: ((set([6]),), {})
+ Called with: ((set([]),), {})
+
+One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This
+could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity
+for equality.
+
+Here's one solution that uses the :attr:`side_effect`
+functionality. If you provide a `side_effect` function for a mock then
+`side_effect` will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an
+opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this
+example I'm using *another* mock to store the arguments so that I can use the
+mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for
+me.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from copy import deepcopy
+ >>> from mock import Mock, patch, DEFAULT
+ >>> def copy_call_args(mock):
+ ... new_mock = Mock()
+ ... def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+ ... args = deepcopy(args)
+ ... kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs)
+ ... new_mock(*args, **kwargs)
+ ... return DEFAULT
+ ... mock.side_effect = side_effect
+ ... return new_mock
+ ...
+ >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob:
+ ... new_mock = copy_call_args(mock_frob)
+ ... val = set([6])
+ ... mymodule.grob(val)
+ ...
+ >>> new_mock.assert_called_with(set([6]))
+ >>> new_mock.call_args
+ call(set([6]))
+
+`copy_call_args` is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new
+mock that we do the assertion on. The `side_effect` function makes a copy of
+the args and calls our `new_mock` with the copy.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of
+ checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the
+ checking inside a `side_effect` function.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> def side_effect(arg):
+ ... assert arg == set([6])
+ ...
+ >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+ >>> mock(set([6]))
+ >>> mock(set())
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError
+
+An alternative approach is to create a subclass of `Mock` or `MagicMock` that
+copies (using `copy.deepcopy
+<http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy>`_) the arguments.
+Here's an example implementation:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from copy import deepcopy
+ >>> class CopyingMock(MagicMock):
+ ... def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+ ... args = deepcopy(args)
+ ... kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs)
+ ... return super(CopyingMock, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
+ ...
+ >>> c = CopyingMock(return_value=None)
+ >>> arg = set()
+ >>> c(arg)
+ >>> arg.add(1)
+ >>> c.assert_called_with(set())
+ >>> c.assert_called_with(arg)
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected call: mock(set([1]))
+ Actual call: mock(set([]))
+ >>> c.foo
+ <CopyingMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+
+When you subclass `Mock` or `MagicMock` all dynamically created attributes,
+and the `return_value` will use your subclass automatically. That means all
+children of a `CopyingMock` will also have the type `CopyingMock`.
+
+
+Raising exceptions on attribute access
+======================================
+
+You can use :class:`PropertyMock` to mimic the behaviour of properties. This
+includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed.
+
+Here's an example raising a `ValueError` when the 'foo' attribute is accessed:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock()
+ >>> p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError)
+ >>> type(m).foo = p
+ >>> m.foo
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ....
+ ValueError
+
+Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock
+class you're using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can
+safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact)
+to `type(mock)` without affecting other mock objects.
+
+
+Multiple calls with different effects
+=====================================
+
+.. note::
+
+ In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable `side_effect` was changed. Any
+ exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned.
+
+Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the
+test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise
+an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second
+call (testing retry behaviour).
+
+One approach is to use a :attr:`side_effect` function that replaces itself. The
+first time it is called the `side_effect` sets a new `side_effect` that will
+be used for the second call. It then raises an exception:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def side_effect(*args):
+ ... def second_call(*args):
+ ... return 'response'
+ ... mock.side_effect = second_call
+ ... raise Exception('boom')
+ ...
+ >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+ >>> mock('first')
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ Exception: boom
+ >>> mock('second')
+ 'response'
+ >>> mock.assert_called_with('second')
+
+Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the
+return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> returns = [Exception('boom'), 'response']
+ >>> def side_effect(*args):
+ ... result = returns.pop(0)
+ ... if isinstance(result, Exception):
+ ... raise result
+ ... return result
+ ...
+ >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+ >>> mock('first')
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ Exception: boom
+ >>> mock('second')
+ 'response'
+ >>> mock.assert_called_with('second')
+
+Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually
+a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable.
+
+
+Nesting Patches
+===============
+
+Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you
+can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the
+right:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ...
+ ... def test_foo(self):
+ ... with patch('mymodule.Foo') as mock_foo:
+ ... with patch('mymodule.Bar') as mock_bar:
+ ... with patch('mymodule.Spam') as mock_spam:
+ ... assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo
+ ... assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar
+ ... assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam
+ ...
+ >>> original = mymodule.Foo
+ >>> MyTest('test_foo').test_foo()
+ >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original
+
+With unittest2_ `cleanup` functions and the :ref:`start-and-stop` we can
+achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper
+method, `create_patch`, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock
+for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ...
+ ... def create_patch(self, name):
+ ... patcher = patch(name)
+ ... thing = patcher.start()
+ ... self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+ ... return thing
+ ...
+ ... def test_foo(self):
+ ... mock_foo = self.create_patch('mymodule.Foo')
+ ... mock_bar = self.create_patch('mymodule.Bar')
+ ... mock_spam = self.create_patch('mymodule.Spam')
+ ...
+ ... assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo
+ ... assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar
+ ... assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam
+ ...
+ >>> original = mymodule.Foo
+ >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+ >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original
+
+
+Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
+===================================
+
+You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all
+access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary.
+
+We can do this with :class:`MagicMock`, which will behave like a dictionary,
+and using :data:`~Mock.side_effect` to delegate dictionary access to a real
+underlying dictionary that is under our control.
+
+When the `__getitem__` and `__setitem__` methods of our `MagicMock` are called
+(normal dictionary access) then `side_effect` is called with the key (and in
+the case of `__setitem__` the value too). We can also control what is returned.
+
+After the `MagicMock` has been used we can use attributes like
+:data:`~Mock.call_args_list` to assert about how the dictionary was used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+ >>> def getitem(name):
+ ... return my_dict[name]
+ ...
+ >>> def setitem(name, val):
+ ... my_dict[name] = val
+ ...
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem
+ >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem
+
+.. note::
+
+ An alternative to using `MagicMock` is to use `Mock` and *only* provide
+ the magic methods you specifically want:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__setitem__ = Mock(side_effect=getitem)
+ >>> mock.__getitem__ = Mock(side_effect=setitem)
+
+ A *third* option is to use `MagicMock` but passing in `dict` as the `spec`
+ (or `spec_set`) argument so that the `MagicMock` created only has
+ dictionary magic methods available:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock(spec_set=dict)
+ >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem
+ >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem
+
+With these side effect functions in place, the `mock` will behave like a normal
+dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a `KeyError` if you try
+to access a key that doesn't exist.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock['a']
+ 1
+ >>> mock['c']
+ 3
+ >>> mock['d']
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError: 'd'
+ >>> mock['b'] = 'fish'
+ >>> mock['d'] = 'eggs'
+ >>> mock['b']
+ 'fish'
+ >>> mock['d']
+ 'eggs'
+
+After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal
+mock methods and attributes:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock.__getitem__.call_args_list
+ [call('a'), call('c'), call('d'), call('b'), call('d')]
+ >>> mock.__setitem__.call_args_list
+ [call('b', 'fish'), call('d', 'eggs')]
+ >>> my_dict
+ {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 'fish', 'd': 'eggs'}
+
+
+Mock subclasses and their attributes
+====================================
+
+There are various reasons why you might want to subclass `Mock`. One reason
+might be to add helper methods. Here's a silly example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyMock(MagicMock):
+ ... def has_been_called(self):
+ ... return self.called
+ ...
+ >>> mymock = MyMock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mymock
+ <MyMock id='...'>
+ >>> mymock.has_been_called()
+ False
+ >>> mymock()
+ >>> mymock.has_been_called()
+ True
+
+The standard behaviour for `Mock` instances is that attributes and the return
+value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures
+that `Mock` attributes are `Mocks` and `MagicMock` attributes are `MagicMocks`
+[#]_. So if you're subclassing to add helper methods then they'll also be
+available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your
+subclass.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mymock.foo
+ <MyMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+ >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called()
+ False
+ >>> mymock.foo()
+ <MyMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
+ >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called()
+ True
+
+Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, `one user
+<https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105>`_ is subclassing mock to
+created a `Twisted adaptor
+<http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_.
+Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.
+
+`Mock` (in all its flavours) uses a method called `_get_child_mock` to create
+these "sub-mocks" for attributes and return values. You can prevent your
+subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is
+that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (`**kwargs`) which are then passed
+onto the mock constructor:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Subclass(MagicMock):
+ ... def _get_child_mock(self, **kwargs):
+ ... return MagicMock(**kwargs)
+ ...
+ >>> mymock = Subclass()
+ >>> mymock.foo
+ <MagicMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+ >>> assert isinstance(mymock, Subclass)
+ >>> assert not isinstance(mymock.foo, Subclass)
+ >>> assert not isinstance(mymock(), Subclass)
+
+.. [#] An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the
+ callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn't have callable
+ methods.
+
+
+Mocking imports with patch.dict
+===============================
+
+One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside
+a function. These are harder to mock because they aren't using an object from
+the module namespace that we can patch out.
+
+Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent
+circular dependencies, for which there is *usually* a much better way to solve
+the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent "up front costs" by delaying the
+import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local
+import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import
+on first use).
+
+That aside there is a way to use `mock` to affect the results of an import.
+Importing fetches an *object* from the `sys.modules` dictionary. Note that it
+fetches an *object*, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the
+first time results in a module object being put in `sys.modules`, so usually
+when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case
+however.
+
+This means you can use :func:`patch.dict` to *temporarily* put a mock in place
+in `sys.modules`. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock.
+When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement
+body is complete or `patcher.stop()` is called) then whatever was there
+previously will be restored safely.
+
+Here's an example that mocks out the 'fooble' module.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}):
+ ... import fooble
+ ... fooble.blob()
+ ...
+ <Mock name='mock.blob()' id='...'>
+ >>> assert 'fooble' not in sys.modules
+ >>> mock.blob.assert_called_once_with()
+
+As you can see the `import fooble` succeeds, but on exit there is no 'fooble'
+left in `sys.modules`.
+
+This also works for the `from module import name` form:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}):
+ ... from fooble import blob
+ ... blob.blip()
+ ...
+ <Mock name='mock.blob.blip()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.blob.blip.assert_called_once_with()
+
+With slightly more work you can also mock package imports:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> modules = {'package': mock, 'package.module': mock.module}
+ >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', modules):
+ ... from package.module import fooble
+ ... fooble()
+ ...
+ <Mock name='mock.module.fooble()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.module.fooble.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
+========================================================
+
+The :class:`Mock` class allows you to track the *order* of method calls on
+your mock objects through the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` attribute. This
+doesn't allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects,
+however we can use :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` to achieve the same effect.
+
+Because mocks track calls to child mocks in `mock_calls`, and accessing an
+arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate
+mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded,
+in order, in the `mock_calls` of the parent:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> manager = Mock()
+ >>> mock_foo = manager.foo
+ >>> mock_bar = manager.bar
+
+ >>> mock_foo.something()
+ <Mock name='mock.foo.something()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock_bar.other.thing()
+ <Mock name='mock.bar.other.thing()' id='...'>
+
+ >>> manager.mock_calls
+ [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]
+
+We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with
+the `mock_calls` attribute on the manager mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> expected_calls = [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]
+ >>> manager.mock_calls == expected_calls
+ True
+
+If `patch` is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach
+them to a manager mock using the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method. After
+attaching calls will be recorded in `mock_calls` of the manager.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> manager = MagicMock()
+ >>> with patch('mymodule.Class1') as MockClass1:
+ ... with patch('mymodule.Class2') as MockClass2:
+ ... manager.attach_mock(MockClass1, 'MockClass1')
+ ... manager.attach_mock(MockClass2, 'MockClass2')
+ ... MockClass1().foo()
+ ... MockClass2().bar()
+ ...
+ <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass1().foo()' id='...'>
+ <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass2().bar()' id='...'>
+ >>> manager.mock_calls
+ [call.MockClass1(),
+ call.MockClass1().foo(),
+ call.MockClass2(),
+ call.MockClass2().bar()]
+
+If many calls have been made, but you're only interested in a particular
+sequence of them then an alternative is to use the
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls` method. This takes a list of calls (constructed
+with the :data:`call` object). If that sequence of calls are in
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` then the assert succeeds.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock()
+ >>> m().foo().bar().baz()
+ <MagicMock name='mock().foo().bar().baz()' id='...'>
+ >>> m.one().two().three()
+ <MagicMock name='mock.one().two().three()' id='...'>
+ >>> calls = call.one().two().three().call_list()
+ >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls)
+
+Even though the chained call `m.one().two().three()` aren't the only calls that
+have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds.
+
+Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested
+in asserting about *some* of those calls. You may not even care about the
+order. In this case you can pass `any_order=True` to `assert_has_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock()
+ >>> m(1), m.two(2, 3), m.seven(7), m.fifty('50')
+ (...)
+ >>> calls = [call.fifty('50'), call(1), call.seven(7)]
+ >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)
+
+
+More complex argument matching
+==============================
+
+Using the same basic concept as `ANY` we can implement matchers to do more
+complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks.
+
+Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default
+compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user
+defined classes). To use :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` we would need to pass
+in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes
+of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes
+for us.
+
+You can see in this example how a 'standard' call to `assert_called_with` isn't
+sufficient:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Foo(object):
+ ... def __init__(self, a, b):
+ ... self.a, self.b = a, b
+ ...
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock(Foo(1, 2))
+ >>> mock.assert_called_with(Foo(1, 2))
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)
+ Actual call: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)
+
+A comparison function for our `Foo` class might look something like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def compare(self, other):
+ ... if not type(self) == type(other):
+ ... return False
+ ... if self.a != other.a:
+ ... return False
+ ... if self.b != other.b:
+ ... return False
+ ... return True
+ ...
+
+And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its
+equality operation would look something like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Matcher(object):
+ ... def __init__(self, compare, some_obj):
+ ... self.compare = compare
+ ... self.some_obj = some_obj
+ ... def __eq__(self, other):
+ ... return self.compare(self.some_obj, other)
+ ...
+
+Putting all this together:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> match_foo = Matcher(compare, Foo(1, 2))
+ >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_foo)
+
+The `Matcher` is instantiated with our compare function and the `Foo` object
+we want to compare against. In `assert_called_with` the `Matcher` equality
+method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with
+against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then
+`assert_called_with` passes, and if they don't an `AssertionError` is raised:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> match_wrong = Matcher(compare, Foo(3, 4))
+ >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_wrong)
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected: ((<Matcher object at 0x...>,), {})
+ Called with: ((<Foo object at 0x...>,), {})
+
+With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the
+`AssertionError` directly and provide a more useful failure message.
+
+As of version 1.5, the Python testing library `PyHamcrest
+<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest>`_ provides similar functionality,
+that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher
+(`hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality
+<http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality>`_).
+
+
+Less verbose configuration of mock objects
+==========================================
+
+This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of `Mock`.
+See the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` method.
+
+
+Matching any argument in assertions
+===================================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :data:`ANY`.
+
+
+Mocking Properties
+==================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :class:`PropertyMock`.
+
+
+Mocking open
+============
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :func:`mock_open`.
+
+
+Mocks without some attributes
+=============================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :ref:`deleting-attributes`.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b5d289eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+===========================
+ Getting Started with Mock
+===========================
+
+.. _getting-started:
+
+.. index:: Getting Started
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ class SomeClass(object):
+ static_method = None
+ class_method = None
+ attribute = None
+
+ sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package')
+ sys.modules['package.module'] = module = package.module
+ sys.modules['module'] = package.module
+
+
+Using Mock
+==========
+
+Mock Patching Methods
+---------------------
+
+Common uses for :class:`Mock` objects include:
+
+* Patching methods
+* Recording method calls on objects
+
+You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
+it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> real = SomeClass()
+ >>> real.method = MagicMock(name='method')
+ >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+ <MagicMock name='method()' id='...'>
+
+Once our mock has been used (`real.method` in this example) it has methods
+and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.
+
+.. note::
+
+ In most of these examples the :class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` classes
+ are interchangeable. As the `MagicMock` is the more capable class it makes
+ a sensible one to use by default.
+
+Once the mock has been called its :attr:`~Mock.called` attribute is set to
+`True`. More importantly we can use the :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` or
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` method to check that it was called with
+the correct arguments.
+
+This example tests that calling `ProductionClass().method` results in a call to
+the `something` method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from mock import MagicMock
+ >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+ ... def method(self):
+ ... self.something(1, 2, 3)
+ ... def something(self, a, b, c):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> real = ProductionClass()
+ >>> real.something = MagicMock()
+ >>> real.method()
+ >>> real.something.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+
+Mock for Method Calls on an Object
+----------------------------------
+
+In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
+was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
+method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
+in the correct way.
+
+The simple `ProductionClass` below has a `closer` method. If it is called with
+an object then it calls `close` on it.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+ ... def closer(self, something):
+ ... something.close()
+ ...
+
+So to test it we need to pass in an object with a `close` method and check
+that it was called correctly.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> real = ProductionClass()
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> real.closer(mock)
+ >>> mock.close.assert_called_with()
+
+We don't have to do any work to provide the 'close' method on our mock.
+Accessing close creates it. So, if 'close' hasn't already been called then
+accessing it in the test will create it, but :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+will raise a failure exception.
+
+
+Mocking Classes
+---------------
+
+A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
+When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
+are created by *calling the class*. This means you access the "mock instance"
+by looking at the return value of the mocked class.
+
+In the example below we have a function `some_function` that instantiates `Foo`
+and calls a method on it. The call to `patch` replaces the class `Foo` with a
+mock. The `Foo` instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
+by modifying the mock :attr:`~Mock.return_value`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def some_function():
+ ... instance = module.Foo()
+ ... return instance.method()
+ ...
+ >>> with patch('module.Foo') as mock:
+ ... instance = mock.return_value
+ ... instance.method.return_value = 'the result'
+ ... result = some_function()
+ ... assert result == 'the result'
+
+
+Naming your mocks
+-----------------
+
+It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
+the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
+name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock(name='foo')
+ >>> mock
+ <MagicMock name='foo' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.method
+ <MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'>
+
+
+Tracking all Calls
+------------------
+
+Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attribute records all calls
+to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock.method()
+ <MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.attribute.method(10, x=53)
+ <MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.mock_calls
+ [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+
+If you make an assertion about `mock_calls` and any unexpected methods
+have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
+as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
+that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:
+
+You use the :data:`call` object to construct lists for comparing with
+`mock_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> expected = [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+ >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+ True
+
+
+Setting Return Values and Attributes
+------------------------------------
+
+Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.return_value = 3
+ >>> mock()
+ 3
+
+Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.method.return_value = 3
+ >>> mock.method()
+ 3
+
+The return value can also be set in the constructor:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+ >>> mock()
+ 3
+
+If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.x = 3
+ >>> mock.x
+ 3
+
+Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
+`mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")`. If we wanted this call to
+return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.
+
+We can use :data:`call` to construct the set of calls in a "chained call" like
+this for easy assertion afterwards:
+
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> cursor = mock.connection.cursor.return_value
+ >>> cursor.execute.return_value = ['foo']
+ >>> mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")
+ ['foo']
+ >>> expected = call.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1").call_list()
+ >>> mock.mock_calls
+ [call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')]
+ >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+ True
+
+It is the call to `.call_list()` that turns our call object into a list of
+calls representing the chained calls.
+
+
+
+Raising exceptions with mocks
+-----------------------------
+
+A useful attribute is :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. If you set this to an
+exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
+is called.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=Exception('Boom!'))
+ >>> mock()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ Exception: Boom!
+
+
+Side effect functions and iterables
+-----------------------------------
+
+`side_effect` can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
+`side_effect` as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
+times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
+`side_effect` to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
+from the iterable:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=[4, 5, 6])
+ >>> mock()
+ 4
+ >>> mock()
+ 5
+ >>> mock()
+ 6
+
+
+For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
+depending on what the mock is called with, `side_effect` can be a function.
+The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
+function returns is what the call returns:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> vals = {(1, 2): 1, (2, 3): 2}
+ >>> def side_effect(*args):
+ ... return vals[args]
+ ...
+ >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+ >>> mock(1, 2)
+ 1
+ >>> mock(2, 3)
+ 2
+
+
+Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
+---------------------------------------
+
+One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
+implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
+class that implements `some_method`. In a test for another class, you
+provide a mock of this object that *also* provides `some_method`. If later
+you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has `some_method` - then
+your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!
+
+`Mock` allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
+using the `spec` keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
+mock that don't exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
+attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
+tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
+instantiate the class in those tests.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+ >>> mock.old_method()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AttributeError: object has no attribute 'old_method'
+
+If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
+of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
+`spec_set` instead of `spec`.
+
+
+
+Patch Decorators
+================
+
+.. note::
+
+ With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+ are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+ read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+
+A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
+for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
+is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
+them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
+tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.
+
+mock provides three convenient decorators for this: `patch`, `patch.object` and
+`patch.dict`. `patch` takes a single string, of the form
+`package.module.Class.attribute` to specify the attribute you are patching. It
+also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
+whatever) to be replaced with. 'patch.object' takes an object and the name of
+the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
+with.
+
+`patch.object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+ >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+ ... def test():
+ ... assert SomeClass.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+ >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+ >>> @patch('package.module.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+ ... def test():
+ ... from package.module import attribute
+ ... assert attribute is sentinel.attribute
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+If you are patching a module (including `__builtin__`) then use `patch`
+instead of `patch.object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock(return_value = sentinel.file_handle)
+ >>> with patch('__builtin__.open', mock):
+ ... handle = open('filename', 'r')
+ ...
+ >>> mock.assert_called_with('filename', 'r')
+ >>> assert handle == sentinel.file_handle, "incorrect file handle returned"
+
+The module name can be 'dotted', in the form `package.module` if needed:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> @patch('package.module.ClassName.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+ ... def test():
+ ... from package.module import ClassName
+ ... assert ClassName.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+ ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+ ... def test_something(self):
+ ... self.assertEqual(SomeClass.attribute, sentinel.attribute)
+ ...
+ >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+ >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+ >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use `patch` with only one argument
+(or `patch.object` with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
+passed into the test function / method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+ ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+ ... def test_something(self, mock_method):
+ ... SomeClass.static_method()
+ ... mock_method.assert_called_with()
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+ ... @patch('package.module.ClassName1')
+ ... @patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+ ... def test_something(self, MockClass2, MockClass1):
+ ... self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1)
+ ... self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2)
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+ >>> original = foo.copy()
+ >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+ ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+ ...
+ >>> assert foo == original
+
+`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can all be used as context managers.
+
+Where you use `patch` to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
+mock using the "as" form of the with statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+ ... def method(self):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
+ ... mock_method.return_value = None
+ ... real = ProductionClass()
+ ... real.method(1, 2, 3)
+ ...
+ >>> mock_method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+As an alternative `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can be used as
+class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
+decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with "test".
+
+For some more advanced examples, see the :ref:`further-examples` page.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e4a8daca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+====================================
+ Mock - Mocking and Testing Library
+====================================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+:Author: `Michael Foord
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml>`_
+:Version: |release|
+:Date: 2012/10/07
+:Homepage: `Mock Homepage`_
+:Download: `Mock on PyPI`_
+:Documentation: `PDF Documentation
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+:License: `BSD License`_
+:Support: `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)
+ <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_
+:Issue tracker: `Google code project
+ <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_
+
+.. _Mock Homepage: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+.. _BSD License: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. module:: mock
+ :synopsis: Mock object and testing library.
+
+.. index:: introduction
+
+mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+have been used.
+
+mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock
+<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3 onwards.
+
+mock provides a core :class:`Mock` class removing the need to create a host
+of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+the normal way.
+
+Additionally, mock provides a :func:`patch` decorator that handles patching
+module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with
+:const:`sentinel` for creating unique objects. See the `quick guide`_ for
+some examples of how to use :class:`Mock`, :class:`MagicMock` and
+:func:`patch`.
+
+Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+`unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on
+the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of `'record -> replay'` used by many
+mocking frameworks.
+
+mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of
+Jython and PyPy.
+
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ class ProductionClass(object):
+ def method(self, *args):
+ pass
+
+ module = sys.modules['module'] = ProductionClass
+ ProductionClass.ClassName1 = ProductionClass
+ ProductionClass.ClassName2 = ProductionClass
+
+
+
+API Documentation
+=================
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+
+ mock
+ patch
+ helpers
+ sentinel
+ magicmock
+
+
+User Guide
+==========
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+
+ getting-started
+ examples
+ compare
+ changelog
+
+
+.. index:: installing
+
+Installing
+==========
+
+The current version is |release|. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do
+find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions
+then please contact us.
+
+* `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock>`_
+* `mock documentation as PDF
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+* `Google Code Home & Mercurial Repository <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_
+
+.. index:: repository
+.. index:: hg
+
+You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial
+repository with the following command:
+
+ ``hg clone https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/ mock``
+
+
+.. index:: pip
+.. index:: easy_install
+.. index:: setuptools
+
+If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:
+
+ | ``easy_install -U mock``
+ | ``pip install -U mock``
+
+Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after
+unpacking run:
+
+ ``python setup.py install``
+
+
+Quick Guide
+===========
+
+:class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` objects create all attributes and
+methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You
+can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are
+available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from mock import MagicMock
+ >>> thing = ProductionClass()
+ >>> thing.method = MagicMock(return_value=3)
+ >>> thing.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+ 3
+ >>> thing.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+
+:attr:`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
+exception when a mock is called:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
+ >>> mock()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError: 'foo'
+
+ >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+ >>> def side_effect(arg):
+ ... return values[arg]
+ ...
+ >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+ >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
+ (1, 2, 3)
+ >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+ >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+ (5, 4, 3)
+
+Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification
+from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock
+that don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`.
+
+The :func:`patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from mock import patch
+ >>> @patch('module.ClassName2')
+ ... @patch('module.ClassName1')
+ ... def test(MockClass1, MockClass2):
+ ... module.ClassName1()
+ ... module.ClassName2()
+
+ ... assert MockClass1 is module.ClassName1
+ ... assert MockClass2 is module.ClassName2
+ ... assert MockClass1.called
+ ... assert MockClass2.called
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+.. note::
+
+ When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+ function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+ decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+ above the mock for `module.ClassName1` is passed in first.
+
+ With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+ are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+ read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with
+statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method', return_value=None) as mock_method:
+ ... thing = ProductionClass()
+ ... thing.method(1, 2, 3)
+ ...
+ >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+ >>> original = foo.copy()
+ >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+ ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+ ...
+ >>> assert foo == original
+
+Mock supports the mocking of Python :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`. The
+easiest way of using magic methods is with the :class:`MagicMock` class. It
+allows you to do things like:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
+ >>> str(mock)
+ 'foobarbaz'
+ >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_with()
+
+Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+and they will be called appropriately. The `MagicMock` class is just a Mock
+variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the
+useful ones anyway).
+
+The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+class:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value='wheeeeee')
+ >>> str(mock)
+ 'wheeeeee'
+
+For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the
+objects they are replacing, you can use :ref:`auto-speccing <auto-speccing>`.
+Auto-speccing can be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the
+:func:`create_autospec` function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that
+have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and
+any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call
+signature as the real object.
+
+This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+code if they are used incorrectly:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from mock import create_autospec
+ >>> def function(a, b, c):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
+ >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
+ 'fishy'
+ >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)
+
+`create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+the `__call__` method.
+
+
+.. index:: references
+.. index:: articles
+
+References
+==========
+
+Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:
+
+* `Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests
+ <https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md>`_
+* `mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models
+ <https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django>`_
+* `PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock <https://blip.tv/file/4881513>`_
+* `Mock objects in Python
+ <http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/>`_
+* `Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing
+ <http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/>`_
+* `Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output
+ <http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/>`_
+* `Mocking Django <http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html>`_
+* `Mocking dates and other classes that can't be modified
+ <http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_
+* `Mock recipes <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html>`_
+* `Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module
+ <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html>`_
+* `Coverage and Mock (with django)
+ <http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/>`_
+* `Python Unit Testing with Mock <http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194>`_
+* `Getting started with Python Mock
+ <http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/>`_
+* `Smart Parameter Checks with mock
+ <http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/>`_
+* `Python mock testing techniques and tools
+ <http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html>`_
+* `How To Test Django Template Tags
+ <http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html>`_
+* `A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock
+ <http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html>`_
+* `Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine
+ <http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html>`_
+
+
+.. index:: tests
+.. index:: unittest2
+
+Tests
+=====
+
+Mock uses `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ for its own
+test suite. In order to run it, use the `unit2` script that comes with
+`unittest2` module on a checkout of the source repository:
+
+ `unit2 discover`
+
+If you have `setuptools <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute>`_ as well as
+unittest2 you can run:
+
+ ``python setup.py test``
+
+On Python 3.2 you can use ``unittest`` module from the standard library.
+
+ ``python3.2 -m unittest discover``
+
+.. index:: Python 3
+
+On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On
+Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement
+is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.
+
+
+.. index:: older versions
+
+Older Versions
+==============
+
+Documentation for older versions of mock:
+
+* `mock 0.8 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/>`_
+* `mock 0.7 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/>`_
+* `mock 0.6 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/>`_
+
+Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at
+`mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_.
+
+
+Terminology
+===========
+
+Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms
+like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.
+
+In `classic mock terminology
+<http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html>`_
+:class:`mock.Mock` is a `spy <http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html>`_ that
+allows for *post-mortem* examination. This is what I call the "action ->
+assertion" [#]_ pattern of testing.
+
+I'm not however a fan of this "statically typed mocking terminology"
+promulgated by `Martin Fowler
+<http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html>`_. It confuses usage
+patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology
+when discussing mocking.
+
+I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a
+mock object and quacks like a mock object then it's fine to call it a mock, no
+matter what the implementation looks like.
+
+This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where
+different usage patterns will *require* different implementations.
+`mock.Mock()` is capable of being used in most of the different roles
+described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock
+itself!
+
+How about a simpler definition: a "mock object" is an object used to replace a
+real one in a system under test.
+
+.. [#] This pattern is called "AAA" by some members of the testing community;
+ "Arrange - Act - Assert".
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42b2ed9db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+
+.. _magic-methods:
+
+Mocking Magic Methods
+=====================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+:class:`Mock` supports mocking `magic methods
+<http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html>`_. This allows mock
+objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python
+protocols.
+
+Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [#]_, this
+support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
+methods are supported. The supported list includes *almost* all of them. If
+there are any missing that you need please let us know!
+
+You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
+or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it *must* take ``self`` as
+the first argument [#]_.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def __str__(self):
+ ... return 'fooble'
+ ...
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__str__ = __str__
+ >>> str(mock)
+ 'fooble'
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__str__ = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble'
+ >>> str(mock)
+ 'fooble'
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+ >>> list(mock)
+ []
+
+One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
+`with` statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo')
+ >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False)
+ >>> with mock as m:
+ ... assert m == 'foo'
+ ...
+ >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+ >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+Calls to magic methods do not appear in :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, but they
+are recorded in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`.
+
+.. note::
+
+ If you use the `spec` keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
+ set a magic method that isn't in the spec will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+The full list of supported magic methods is:
+
+* ``__hash__``, ``__sizeof__``, ``__repr__`` and ``__str__``
+* ``__dir__``, ``__format__`` and ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__floor__``, ``__trunc__`` and ``__ceil__``
+* Comparisons: ``__cmp__``, ``__lt__``, ``__gt__``, ``__le__``, ``__ge__``,
+ ``__eq__`` and ``__ne__``
+* Container methods: ``__getitem__``, ``__setitem__``, ``__delitem__``,
+ ``__contains__``, ``__len__``, ``__iter__``, ``__getslice__``,
+ ``__setslice__``, ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* Context manager: ``__enter__`` and ``__exit__``
+* Unary numeric methods: ``__neg__``, ``__pos__`` and ``__invert__``
+* The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
+ ``__add__``, ``__sub__``, ``__mul__``, ``__div__``,
+ ``__floordiv__``, ``__mod__``, ``__divmod__``, ``__lshift__``,
+ ``__rshift__``, ``__and__``, ``__xor__``, ``__or__``, and ``__pow__``
+* Numeric conversion methods: ``__complex__``, ``__int__``, ``__float__``,
+ ``__index__`` and ``__coerce__``
+* Descriptor methods: ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* Pickling: ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``,
+ ``__getnewargs__``, ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+
+
+The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don't exist in Python 3:
+
+* ``__unicode__``, ``__long__``, ``__oct__``, ``__hex__`` and ``__nonzero__``
+* ``__truediv__`` and ``__rtruediv__``
+
+The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don't exist in Python 2:
+
+* ``__bool__`` and ``__next__``
+
+The following methods exist but are *not* supported as they are either in use by
+mock, can't be set dynamically, or can cause problems:
+
+* ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, ``__init__`` and ``__new__``
+* ``__prepare__``, ``__instancecheck__``, ``__subclasscheck__``, ``__del__``
+
+
+
+Magic Mock
+==========
+
+There are two `MagicMock` variants: `MagicMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`.
+
+
+.. class:: MagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+ ``MagicMock`` is a subclass of :class:`Mock` with default implementations
+ of most of the magic methods. You can use ``MagicMock`` without having to
+ configure the magic methods yourself.
+
+ The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for :class:`Mock`.
+
+ If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic methods
+ that exist in the spec will be created.
+
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+ A non-callable version of `MagicMock`.
+
+ The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
+ :class:`MagicMock`, with the exception of `return_value` and
+ `side_effect` which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+The magic methods are setup with `MagicMock` objects, so you can configure them
+and use them in the usual way:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock[3] = 'fish'
+ >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish')
+ >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result'
+ >>> mock[2]
+ 'result'
+
+By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
+specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
+that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren't interested
+in the return value. You can still *set* the return value manually if you want
+to change the default.
+
+Methods and their defaults:
+
+* ``__lt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__gt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__le__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__ge__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__int__`` : 1
+* ``__contains__`` : False
+* ``__len__`` : 1
+* ``__iter__`` : iter([])
+* ``__exit__`` : False
+* ``__complex__`` : 1j
+* ``__float__`` : 1.0
+* ``__bool__`` : True
+* ``__nonzero__`` : True
+* ``__oct__`` : '1'
+* ``__hex__`` : '0x1'
+* ``__long__`` : long(1)
+* ``__index__`` : 1
+* ``__hash__`` : default hash for the mock
+* ``__str__`` : default str for the mock
+* ``__unicode__`` : default unicode for the mock
+* ``__sizeof__``: default sizeof for the mock
+
+For example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> int(mock)
+ 1
+ >>> len(mock)
+ 0
+ >>> hex(mock)
+ '0x1'
+ >>> list(mock)
+ []
+ >>> object() in mock
+ False
+
+The two equality method, `__eq__` and `__ne__`, are special (changed in
+0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
+effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> MagicMock() == 3
+ False
+ >>> MagicMock() != 3
+ True
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True
+ >>> mock == 3
+ True
+
+In `0.8` the `__iter__` also gained special handling implemented with a
+side effect. The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` can be any iterable
+object and isn't required to be an iterator:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+ >>> list(mock)
+ ['a', 'b', 'c']
+ >>> list(mock)
+ ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+If the return value *is* an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
+it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+ >>> list(mock)
+ ['a', 'b', 'c']
+ >>> list(mock)
+ []
+
+``MagicMock`` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
+of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.
+
+Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in ``MagicMock`` are:
+
+* ``__cmp__``
+* ``__getslice__`` and ``__setslice__``
+* ``__coerce__``
+* ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__dir__``
+* ``__format__``
+* ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, ``__getnewargs__``,
+ ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+* ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+
+
+
+------------
+
+.. [#] Magic methods *should* be looked up on the class rather than the
+ instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
+ rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
+ of Python.
+.. [#] The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each ``Mock``
+ instance is kept isolated from the others.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58712b21a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,842 @@
+The Mock Class
+==============
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ class SomeClass:
+ pass
+
+
+`Mock` is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and
+test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as
+new mocks when you access them [#]_. Accessing the same attribute will always
+return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make
+assertions about what your code has done to them.
+
+:class:`MagicMock` is a subclass of `Mock` with all the magic methods
+pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful
+when you are mocking out objects that aren't callable:
+:class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`
+
+The :func:`patch` decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes
+in a particular module with a `Mock` object. By default `patch` will create
+a `MagicMock` for you. You can specify an alternative class of `Mock` using
+the `new_callable` argument to `patch`.
+
+
+.. index:: side_effect
+.. index:: return_value
+.. index:: wraps
+.. index:: name
+.. index:: spec
+
+.. class:: Mock(spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)
+
+ Create a new `Mock` object. `Mock` takes several optional arguments
+ that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:
+
+ * `spec`: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
+ class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
+ you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
+ the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods).
+ Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+ If `spec` is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
+ :attr:`__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
+ to pass `isinstance` tests.
+
+ * `spec_set`: A stricter variant of `spec`. If used, attempting to *set*
+ or get an attribute on the mock that isn't on the object passed as
+ `spec_set` will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+ * `side_effect`: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
+ the :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
+ dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
+ arguments as the mock, and unless it returns :data:`DEFAULT`, the return
+ value of this function is used as the return value.
+
+ Alternatively `side_effect` can be an exception class or instance. In
+ this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.
+
+ If `side_effect` is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
+ the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable
+ are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.
+
+ A `side_effect` can be cleared by setting it to `None`.
+
+ * `return_value`: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
+ this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
+ :attr:`return_value` attribute.
+
+ * `wraps`: Item for the mock object to wrap. If `wraps` is not None then
+ calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
+ (returning the real result and ignoring `return_value`). Attribute access
+ on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
+ attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute
+ that doesn't exist will raise an `AttributeError`).
+
+ If the mock has an explicit `return_value` set then calls are not passed
+ to the wrapped object and the `return_value` is returned instead.
+
+ * `name`: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
+ mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
+ mocks.
+
+ Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
+ used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the
+ :meth:`configure_mock` method for details.
+
+
+ .. method:: assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a
+ particular way:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.method(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
+ <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
+
+
+ .. method:: assert_called_once_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
+ arguments.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
+ >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
+ >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
+ >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+
+ .. method:: assert_any_call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.
+
+ The assert passes if the mock has *ever* been called, unlike
+ :meth:`assert_called_with` and :meth:`assert_called_once_with` that
+ only pass if the call is the most recent one.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock(1, 2, arg='thing')
+ >>> mock('some', 'thing', 'else')
+ >>> mock.assert_any_call(1, 2, arg='thing')
+
+
+ .. method:: assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=False)
+
+ assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
+ The `mock_calls` list is checked for the calls.
+
+ If `any_order` is False (the default) then the calls must be
+ sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
+ specified calls.
+
+ If `any_order` is True then the calls can be in any order, but
+ they must all appear in :attr:`mock_calls`.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock(1)
+ >>> mock(2)
+ >>> mock(3)
+ >>> mock(4)
+ >>> calls = [call(2), call(3)]
+ >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls)
+ >>> calls = [call(4), call(2), call(3)]
+ >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)
+
+
+ .. method:: reset_mock()
+
+ The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock('hello')
+ >>> mock.called
+ True
+ >>> mock.reset_mock()
+ >>> mock.called
+ False
+
+ This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that
+ reuse the same object. Note that `reset_mock` *doesn't* clear the
+ return value, :attr:`side_effect` or any child attributes you have
+ set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock
+ (if any) are reset as well.
+
+
+ .. method:: mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set=False)
+
+ Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a
+ list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as
+ attributes from the mock.
+
+ If `spec_set` is `True` then only attributes on the spec can be set.
+
+
+ .. method:: attach_mock(mock, attribute)
+
+ Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
+ parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
+ :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` attributes of this one.
+
+
+ .. method:: configure_mock(**kwargs)
+
+ Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.
+
+ Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
+ mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
+ method call:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+ >>> mock.configure_mock(**attrs)
+ >>> mock.method()
+ 3
+ >>> mock.other()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError
+
+ The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+ >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
+ >>> mock.some_attribute
+ 'eggs'
+ >>> mock.method()
+ 3
+ >>> mock.other()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError
+
+ `configure_mock` exists to make it easier to do configuration
+ after the mock has been created.
+
+
+ .. method:: __dir__()
+
+ `Mock` objects limit the results of `dir(some_mock)` to useful results.
+ For mocks with a `spec` this includes all the permitted attributes
+ for the mock.
+
+ See :data:`FILTER_DIR` for what this filtering does, and how to
+ switch it off.
+
+
+ .. method:: _get_child_mock(**kw)
+
+ Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
+ By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
+ Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
+ child mocks are made.
+
+ For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
+ any custom subclass).
+
+
+ .. attribute:: called
+
+ A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock.called
+ False
+ >>> mock()
+ >>> mock.called
+ True
+
+ .. attribute:: call_count
+
+ An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock.call_count
+ 0
+ >>> mock()
+ >>> mock()
+ >>> mock.call_count
+ 2
+
+
+ .. attribute:: return_value
+
+ Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.return_value = 'fish'
+ >>> mock()
+ 'fish'
+
+ The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in
+ the normal way:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.return_value.attribute = sentinel.Attribute
+ >>> mock.return_value()
+ <Mock name='mock()()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.return_value.assert_called_with()
+
+ `return_value` can also be set in the constructor:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+ >>> mock.return_value
+ 3
+ >>> mock()
+ 3
+
+
+ .. attribute:: side_effect
+
+ This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called,
+ or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.
+
+ If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the
+ mock and unless the function returns the :data:`DEFAULT` singleton the
+ call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the
+ function returns :data:`DEFAULT` then the mock will return its normal
+ value (from the :attr:`return_value`.
+
+ An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception
+ handling of an API):
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.side_effect = Exception('Boom!')
+ >>> mock()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ Exception: Boom!
+
+ Using `side_effect` to return a sequence of values:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.side_effect = [3, 2, 1]
+ >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+ (3, 2, 1)
+
+ The `side_effect` function is called with the same arguments as the
+ mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword
+ arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for
+ the call. The exception is if `side_effect` returns :data:`DEFAULT`,
+ in which case the normal :attr:`return_value` is used.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+ >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+ ... return DEFAULT
+ ...
+ >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+ >>> mock()
+ 3
+
+ `side_effect` can be set in the constructor. Here's an example that
+ adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> side_effect = lambda value: value + 1
+ >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+ >>> mock(3)
+ 4
+ >>> mock(-8)
+ -7
+
+ Setting `side_effect` to `None` clears it:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> from mock import Mock
+ >>> m = Mock(side_effect=KeyError, return_value=3)
+ >>> m()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError
+ >>> m.side_effect = None
+ >>> m()
+ 3
+
+
+ .. attribute:: call_args
+
+ This is either `None` (if the mock hasn't been called), or the
+ arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the
+ form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock
+ was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any
+ keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> print mock.call_args
+ None
+ >>> mock()
+ >>> mock.call_args
+ call()
+ >>> mock.call_args == ()
+ True
+ >>> mock(3, 4)
+ >>> mock.call_args
+ call(3, 4)
+ >>> mock.call_args == ((3, 4),)
+ True
+ >>> mock(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
+ >>> mock.call_args
+ call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
+
+ `call_args`, along with members of the lists :attr:`call_args_list`,
+ :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects.
+ These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual
+ arguments and make more complex assertions. See
+ :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+ .. attribute:: call_args_list
+
+ This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence
+ (so the length of the list is the number of times it has been
+ called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The
+ :data:`call` object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of
+ calls to compare with `call_args_list`.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+ >>> mock()
+ >>> mock(3, 4)
+ >>> mock(key='fish', next='w00t!')
+ >>> mock.call_args_list
+ [call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')]
+ >>> expected = [(), ((3, 4),), ({'key': 'fish', 'next': 'w00t!'},)]
+ >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
+ True
+
+ Members of `call_args_list` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+ unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+ :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+ .. attribute:: method_calls
+
+ As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to
+ methods and attributes, and *their* methods and attributes:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.method()
+ <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.property.method.attribute()
+ <Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.method_calls
+ [call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]
+
+ Members of `method_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+ unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+ :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+ .. attribute:: mock_calls
+
+ `mock_calls` records *all* calls to the mock object, its methods, magic
+ methods *and* return value mocks.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> result = mock(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> mock.first(a=3)
+ <MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.second()
+ <MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'>
+ >>> int(mock)
+ 1
+ >>> result(1)
+ <MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'>
+ >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call.first(a=3), call.second(),
+ ... call.__int__(), call()(1)]
+ >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+ True
+
+ Members of `mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+ unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+ :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+ .. attribute:: __class__
+
+ Normally the `__class__` attribute of an object will return its type.
+ For a mock object with a `spec` `__class__` returns the spec class
+ instead. This allows mock objects to pass `isinstance` tests for the
+ object they are replacing / masquerading as:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(spec=3)
+ >>> isinstance(mock, int)
+ True
+
+ `__class__` is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an
+ `isinstance` check without forcing you to use a spec:
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> mock.__class__ = dict
+ >>> isinstance(mock, dict)
+ True
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMock(spec=None, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)
+
+ A non-callable version of `Mock`. The constructor parameters have the same
+ meaning of `Mock`, with the exception of `return_value` and `side_effect`
+ which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a `spec` or `spec_set` are able
+to pass `isintance` tests:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+ >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
+ True
+ >>> mock = Mock(spec_set=SomeClass())
+ >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
+ True
+
+The `Mock` classes have support for mocking magic methods. See :ref:`magic
+methods <magic-methods>` for the full details.
+
+The mock classes and the :func:`patch` decorators all take arbitrary keyword
+arguments for configuration. For the `patch` decorators the keywords are
+passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments
+are for configuring attributes of the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock(attribute=3, other='fish')
+ >>> m.attribute
+ 3
+ >>> m.other
+ 'fish'
+
+The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way,
+using dotted notation. As you can't use dotted names directly in a call you
+have to create a dictionary and unpack it using `**`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+ >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
+ >>> mock.some_attribute
+ 'eggs'
+ >>> mock.method()
+ 3
+ >>> mock.other()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError
+
+
+.. class:: PropertyMock(*args, **kwargs)
+
+ A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class.
+ `PropertyMock` provides `__get__` and `__set__` methods so you can specify
+ a return value when it is fetched.
+
+ Fetching a `PropertyMock` instance from an object calls the mock, with
+ no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Foo(object):
+ ... @property
+ ... def foo(self):
+ ... return 'something'
+ ... @foo.setter
+ ... def foo(self, value):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> with patch('__main__.Foo.foo', new_callable=PropertyMock) as mock_foo:
+ ... mock_foo.return_value = 'mockity-mock'
+ ... this_foo = Foo()
+ ... print this_foo.foo
+ ... this_foo.foo = 6
+ ...
+ mockity-mock
+ >>> mock_foo.mock_calls
+ [call(), call(6)]
+
+Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can't directly attach a
+`PropertyMock` to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type
+object:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock()
+ >>> p = PropertyMock(return_value=3)
+ >>> type(m).foo = p
+ >>> m.foo
+ 3
+ >>> p.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+.. index:: __call__
+.. index:: calling
+
+Calling
+=======
+
+Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. The default return value is a new Mock
+object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either
+explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one
+returned each time.
+
+Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes
+like :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`.
+
+If :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` is set then it will be called after the call has
+been recorded, so if `side_effect` raises an exception the call is still
+recorded.
+
+The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` an exception class or instance:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=IndexError)
+ >>> m(1, 2, 3)
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ IndexError
+ >>> m.mock_calls
+ [call(1, 2, 3)]
+ >>> m.side_effect = KeyError('Bang!')
+ >>> m('two', 'three', 'four')
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError: 'Bang!'
+ >>> m.mock_calls
+ [call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')]
+
+If `side_effect` is a function then whatever that function returns is what
+calls to the mock return. The `side_effect` function is called with the
+same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the
+call dynamically, based on the input:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def side_effect(value):
+ ... return value + 1
+ ...
+ >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+ >>> m(1)
+ 2
+ >>> m(2)
+ 3
+ >>> m.mock_calls
+ [call(1), call(2)]
+
+If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or
+any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return
+`mock.return_value` from inside `side_effect`, or return :data:`DEFAULT`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock()
+ >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+ ... return m.return_value
+ ...
+ >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+ >>> m.return_value = 3
+ >>> m()
+ 3
+ >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+ ... return DEFAULT
+ ...
+ >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+ >>> m()
+ 3
+
+To remove a `side_effect`, and return to the default behaviour, set the
+`side_effect` to `None`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=6)
+ >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+ ... return 3
+ ...
+ >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+ >>> m()
+ 3
+ >>> m.side_effect = None
+ >>> m()
+ 6
+
+The `side_effect` can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock
+will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and
+a `StopIteration` is raised):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=[1, 2, 3])
+ >>> m()
+ 1
+ >>> m()
+ 2
+ >>> m()
+ 3
+ >>> m()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ StopIteration
+
+If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of
+returned:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> iterable = (33, ValueError, 66)
+ >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=iterable)
+ >>> m()
+ 33
+ >>> m()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ ValueError
+ >>> m()
+ 66
+
+
+.. _deleting-attributes:
+
+Deleting Attributes
+===================
+
+Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be
+objects of any type.
+
+You may want a mock object to return `False` to a `hasattr` call, or raise an
+`AttributeError` when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing
+an object as a `spec` for a mock, but that isn't always convenient.
+
+You "block" attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute
+will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
+ True
+ >>> del mock.m
+ >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
+ False
+ >>> del mock.f
+ >>> mock.f
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AttributeError: f
+
+
+Attaching Mocks as Attributes
+=============================
+
+When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return
+value) it becomes a "child" of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in
+the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` and :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attributes of the
+parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to
+the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the
+children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between
+mocks:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> parent = MagicMock()
+ >>> child1 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+ >>> child2 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+ >>> parent.child1 = child1
+ >>> parent.child2 = child2
+ >>> child1(1)
+ >>> child2(2)
+ >>> parent.mock_calls
+ [call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]
+
+The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent
+the "parenting" if for some reason you don't want it to happen.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mock = MagicMock()
+ >>> not_a_child = MagicMock(name='not-a-child')
+ >>> mock.attribute = not_a_child
+ >>> mock.attribute()
+ <MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'>
+ >>> mock.mock_calls
+ []
+
+Mocks created for you by :func:`patch` are automatically given names. To
+attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock`
+method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> thing1 = object()
+ >>> thing2 = object()
+ >>> parent = MagicMock()
+ >>> with patch('__main__.thing1', return_value=None) as child1:
+ ... with patch('__main__.thing2', return_value=None) as child2:
+ ... parent.attach_mock(child1, 'child1')
+ ... parent.attach_mock(child2, 'child2')
+ ... child1('one')
+ ... child2('two')
+ ...
+ >>> parent.mock_calls
+ [call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')]
+
+
+-----
+
+.. [#] The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have
+ leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn't create these but
+ instead of raises an ``AttributeError``. This is because the interpreter
+ will often implicitly request these methods, and gets *very* confused to
+ get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
+ method support see :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbb5019fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+mocksignature
+=============
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. note::
+
+ :ref:`auto-speccing`, added in mock 0.8, is a more advanced version of
+ `mocksignature` and can be used for many of the same use cases.
+
+A problem with using mock objects to replace real objects in your tests is that
+:class:`Mock` can be *too* flexible. Your code can treat the mock objects in
+any way and you have to manually check that they were called correctly. If your
+code calls functions or methods with the wrong number of arguments then mocks
+don't complain.
+
+The solution to this is `mocksignature`, which creates functions with the
+same signature as the original, but delegating to a mock. You can interrogate
+the mock in the usual way to check it has been called with the *right*
+arguments, but if it is called with the wrong number of arguments it will
+raise a `TypeError` in the same way your production code would.
+
+Another advantage is that your mocked objects are real functions, which can
+be useful when your code uses
+`inspect <http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html>`_ or depends on
+functions being function objects.
+
+.. function:: mocksignature(func, mock=None, skipfirst=False)
+
+ Create a new function with the same signature as `func` that delegates
+ to `mock`. If `skipfirst` is True the first argument is skipped, useful
+ for methods where `self` needs to be omitted from the new function.
+
+ If you don't pass in a `mock` then one will be created for you.
+
+ Functions returned by `mocksignature` have many of the same attributes
+ and assert methods as a mock object.
+
+ The mock is set as the `mock` attribute of the returned function for easy
+ access.
+
+ `mocksignature` can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of
+ the `__init__` method.
+
+ When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the
+ `__call__` method.
+
+`mocksignature` will work out if it is mocking the signature of a method on
+an instance or a method on a class and do the "right thing" with the `self`
+argument in both cases.
+
+Because of a limitation in the way that arguments are collected by functions
+created by `mocksignature` they are *always* passed as positional arguments
+(including defaults) and not keyword arguments.
+
+
+mocksignature api
+-----------------
+
+Although the objects returned by `mocksignature` api are real function objects,
+they have much of the same api as the :class:`Mock` class. This includes the
+assert methods:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def func(a, b, c):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> func2 = mocksignature(func)
+ >>> func2.called
+ False
+ >>> func2.return_value = 3
+ >>> func2(1, 2, 3)
+ 3
+ >>> func2.called
+ True
+ >>> func2.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> func2.assert_called_with(1, 2, 4)
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ AssertionError: Expected call: mock(1, 2, 4)
+ Actual call: mock(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> func2.call_count
+ 1
+ >>> func2.side_effect = IndexError
+ >>> func2(4, 5, 6)
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ IndexError
+
+The mock object that is being delegated to is available as the `mock` attribute
+of the function created by `mocksignature`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> func2.mock.mock_calls
+ [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)]
+
+The methods and attributes available on functions returned by `mocksignature`
+are:
+
+ :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call`, :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with`,
+ :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`, :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`,
+ :attr:`~Mock.call_args`, :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`,
+ :attr:`~Mock.call_count`, :attr:`~Mock.called`,
+ :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, `mock`, :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`,
+ :meth:`~Mock.reset_mock`, :attr:`~Mock.return_value`, and
+ :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`.
+
+
+Example use
+-----------
+
+Basic use
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def function(a, b, c=None):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> mock = Mock()
+ >>> function = mocksignature(function, mock)
+ >>> function()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)
+ >>> function.return_value = 'some value'
+ >>> function(1, 2, 'foo')
+ 'some value'
+ >>> function.assert_called_with(1, 2, 'foo')
+
+
+Keyword arguments
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Note that arguments to functions created by `mocksignature` are always passed
+in to the underlying mock by position even when called with keywords:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> def function(a, b, c=None):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> function = mocksignature(function)
+ >>> function.return_value = None
+ >>> function(1, 2)
+ >>> function.assert_called_with(1, 2, None)
+
+
+Mocking methods and self
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When you use `mocksignature` to replace a method on a class then `self`
+will be included in the method signature - and you will need to include
+the instance when you do your asserts.
+
+As a curious factor of the way Python (2) wraps methods fetched from a class,
+we can *get* the `return_value` from a function set on a class, but we can't
+set it. We have to do this through the exposed `mock` attribute instead:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class SomeClass(object):
+ ... def method(self, a, b, c=None):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> SomeClass.method = mocksignature(SomeClass.method)
+ >>> SomeClass.method.mock.return_value = None
+ >>> instance = SomeClass()
+ >>> instance.method()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 4 arguments (1 given)
+ >>> instance.method(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> instance.method.assert_called_with(instance, 1, 2, 3)
+
+When you use `mocksignature` on instance methods `self` isn't included (and we
+can set the `return_value` etc directly):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class SomeClass(object):
+ ... def method(self, a, b, c=None):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> instance = SomeClass()
+ >>> instance.method = mocksignature(instance.method)
+ >>> instance.method.return_value = None
+ >>> instance.method(1, 2, 3)
+ >>> instance.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+mocksignature with classes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When used with a class `mocksignature` copies the signature of the `__init__`
+method.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Something(object):
+ ... def __init__(self, foo, bar):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> MockSomething = mocksignature(Something)
+ >>> instance = MockSomething(10, 9)
+ >>> assert instance is MockSomething.return_value
+ >>> MockSomething.assert_called_with(10, 9)
+ >>> MockSomething()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)
+
+Because the object returned by `mocksignature` is a function rather than a
+`Mock` you lose the other capabilities of `Mock`, like dynamic attribute
+creation.
+
+
+mocksignature with callable objects
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When used with a callable object `mocksignature` copies the signature of the
+`__call__` method.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Something(object):
+ ... def __call__(self, spam, eggs):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> something = Something()
+ >>> mock_something = mocksignature(something)
+ >>> result = mock_something(10, 9)
+ >>> mock_something.assert_called_with(10, 9)
+ >>> mock_something()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)
+
+
+mocksignature argument to patch
+-------------------------------
+
+`mocksignature` is available as a keyword argument to :func:`patch` or
+:func:`patch.object`. It can be used with functions / methods / classes and
+callable objects.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class SomeClass(object):
+ ... def method(self, a, b, c=None):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'method', mocksignature=True)
+ ... def test(mock_method):
+ ... instance = SomeClass()
+ ... mock_method.return_value = None
+ ... instance.method(1, 2)
+ ... mock_method.assert_called_with(instance, 1, 2, None)
+ ...
+ >>> test()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d56264fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+==================
+ Patch Decorators
+==================
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ class SomeClass(object):
+ static_method = None
+ class_method = None
+ attribute = None
+
+ sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package')
+ sys.modules['package.module'] = package.module
+
+ class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+ def run(self):
+ result = unittest2.TestResult()
+ super(unittest2.TestCase, self).run(result)
+ assert result.wasSuccessful()
+
+.. testcleanup::
+
+ patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'test'
+
+
+The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
+the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
+even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
+statements or as class decorators.
+
+
+patch
+=====
+
+.. note::
+
+ `patch` is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
+ right namespace. See the section `where to patch`_.
+
+.. function:: patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+ `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+ manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target`
+ is patched with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits
+ the patch is undone.
+
+ If `new` is omitted, then the target is replaced with a
+ :class:`MagicMock`. If `patch` is used as a decorator and `new` is
+ omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the
+ decorated function. If `patch` is used as a context manager the created
+ mock is returned by the context manager.
+
+ `target` should be a string in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`. The
+ `target` is imported and the specified object replaced with the `new`
+ object, so the `target` must be importable from the environment you are
+ calling `patch` from. The target is imported when the decorated function
+ is executed, not at decoration time.
+
+ The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock`
+ if patch is creating one for you.
+
+ In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes
+ patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
+
+ `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+ that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is
+ used.
+
+ A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True`
+ then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+ All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+ attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
+ will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if they are
+ called with the wrong signature. For mocks
+ replacing a class, their return value (the 'instance') will have the same
+ spec as the class. See the :func:`create_autospec` function and
+ :ref:`auto-speccing`.
+
+ Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an
+ arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.
+
+ By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
+ you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
+ create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+ delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+ attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+ default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+ passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
+
+ Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by
+ decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+ code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds
+ tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+ By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests.
+ You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+
+ Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+ patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+ use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+ "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you.
+
+ `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+ the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction.
+
+ `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are
+ available for alternate use-cases.
+
+`patch` as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into
+the decorated function:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> @patch('__main__.SomeClass')
+ ... def function(normal_argument, mock_class):
+ ... print mock_class is SomeClass
+ ...
+ >>> function(None)
+ True
+
+
+Patching a class replaces the class with a `MagicMock` *instance*. If the
+class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` of the mock that will be used.
+
+If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
+can set the `return_value` to be anything you want.
+
+To configure return values on methods of *instances* on the patched class
+you must do this on the `return_value`. For example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Class(object):
+ ... def method(self):
+ ... pass
+ ...
+ >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass:
+ ... instance = MockClass.return_value
+ ... instance.method.return_value = 'foo'
+ ... assert Class() is instance
+ ... assert Class().method() == 'foo'
+ ...
+
+If you use `spec` or `spec_set` and `patch` is replacing a *class*, then the
+return value of the created mock will have the same spec.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> Original = Class
+ >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True)
+ >>> MockClass = patcher.start()
+ >>> instance = MockClass()
+ >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original)
+ >>> patcher.stop()
+
+The `new_callable` argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
+class to the default :class:`MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if
+you wanted a :class:`NonCallableMock` to be used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> thing = object()
+ >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing:
+ ... assert thing is mock_thing
+ ... thing()
+ ...
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable
+
+Another use case might be to replace an object with a `StringIO` instance:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+ >>> def foo():
+ ... print 'Something'
+ ...
+ >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
+ ... def test(mock_stdout):
+ ... foo()
+ ... assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n'
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+When `patch` is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
+you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
+in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
+used to set attributes on the created mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two')
+ >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+ >>> mock_thing.first
+ 'one'
+ >>> mock_thing.second
+ 'two'
+
+As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` and :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`, of child mocks can
+also be configured. These aren't syntactically valid to pass in directly as
+keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
+into a `patch` call using `**`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+ >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config)
+ >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+ >>> mock_thing.method()
+ 3
+ >>> mock_thing.other()
+ Traceback (most recent call last):
+ ...
+ KeyError
+
+
+patch.object
+============
+
+.. function:: patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+ patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
+ object.
+
+ `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+ manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`, `autospec` and
+ `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like `patch`,
+ `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
+ object it creates.
+
+ When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+ for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+You can either call `patch.object` with three arguments or two arguments. The
+three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
+object to replace the attribute with.
+
+When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
+mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
+function:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+ ... def test(mock_method):
+ ... SomeClass.class_method(3)
+ ... mock_method.assert_called_with(3)
+ ...
+ >>> test()
+
+`spec`, `create` and the other arguments to `patch.object` have the same
+meaning as they do for `patch`.
+
+
+patch.dict
+==========
+
+.. function:: patch.dict(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs)
+
+ Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+ to its original state after the test.
+
+ `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+ mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+ plus iterating over keys.
+
+ `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+ will then be fetched by importing it.
+
+ `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
+ can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs.
+
+ If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+ values are set.
+
+ `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+ values in the dictionary.
+
+ `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+ decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours
+ `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+`patch.dict` can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
+change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
+ends.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from mock import patch
+ >>> foo = {}
+ >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+ ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+ ...
+ >>> assert foo == {}
+
+ >>> import os
+ >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+ ... print os.environ['newkey']
+ ...
+ newvalue
+ >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ
+
+Keywords can be used in the `patch.dict` call to set values in the dictionary:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> mymodule = MagicMock()
+ >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish'
+ >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule):
+ ... import mymodule
+ ... mymodule.function('some', 'args')
+ ...
+ 'fish'
+
+`patch.dict` can be used with dictionary like objects that aren't actually
+dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
+deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
+magic methods `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__` and either
+`__iter__` or `__contains__`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class Container(object):
+ ... def __init__(self):
+ ... self.values = {}
+ ... def __getitem__(self, name):
+ ... return self.values[name]
+ ... def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+ ... self.values[name] = value
+ ... def __delitem__(self, name):
+ ... del self.values[name]
+ ... def __iter__(self):
+ ... return iter(self.values)
+ ...
+ >>> thing = Container()
+ >>> thing['one'] = 1
+ >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3):
+ ... assert thing['one'] == 2
+ ... assert thing['two'] == 3
+ ...
+ >>> assert thing['one'] == 1
+ >>> assert list(thing) == ['one']
+
+
+patch.multiple
+==============
+
+.. function:: patch.multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+ Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+ patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+ and keyword arguments for the patches::
+
+ with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
+ ...
+
+ Use :data:`DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create
+ mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+ function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is
+ used as a context manager.
+
+ `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+ manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`, `autospec` and
+ `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These arguments will
+ be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`.
+
+ When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+ for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+If you want `patch.multiple` to create mocks for you, then you can use
+:data:`DEFAULT` as the value. If you use `patch.multiple` as a decorator
+then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> thing = object()
+ >>> other = object()
+
+ >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+ ... def test_function(thing, other):
+ ... assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock)
+ ... assert isinstance(other, MagicMock)
+ ...
+ >>> test_function()
+
+`patch.multiple` can be nested with other `patch` decorators, but put arguments
+passed by keyword *after* any of the standard arguments created by `patch`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> @patch('sys.exit')
+ ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+ ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing):
+ ... assert 'other' in repr(other)
+ ... assert 'thing' in repr(thing)
+ ... assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit)
+ ...
+ >>> test_function()
+
+If `patch.multiple` is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
+context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values:
+ ... assert 'other' in repr(values['other'])
+ ... assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing'])
+ ... assert values['thing'] is thing
+ ... assert values['other'] is other
+ ...
+
+
+.. _start-and-stop:
+
+patch methods: start and stop
+=============================
+
+All the patchers have `start` and `stop` methods. These make it simpler to do
+patching in `setUp` methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
+nesting decorators or with statements.
+
+To use them call `patch`, `patch.object` or `patch.dict` as normal and keep a
+reference to the returned `patcher` object. You can then call `start` to put
+the patch in place and `stop` to undo it.
+
+If you are using `patch` to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
+the call to `patcher.start`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName')
+ >>> from package import module
+ >>> original = module.ClassName
+ >>> new_mock = patcher.start()
+ >>> assert module.ClassName is not original
+ >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock
+ >>> patcher.stop()
+ >>> assert module.ClassName is original
+ >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock
+
+
+A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the `setUp`
+method of a `TestCase`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ... def setUp(self):
+ ... self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1')
+ ... self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2')
+ ... self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start()
+ ... self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start()
+ ...
+ ... def tearDown(self):
+ ... self.patcher1.stop()
+ ... self.patcher2.stop()
+ ...
+ ... def test_something(self):
+ ... assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1
+ ... assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+.. caution::
+
+ If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+ calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+ exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2
+ <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this
+ easier.
+
+ .. doctest::
+
+ >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+ ... def setUp(self):
+ ... patcher = patch('package.module.Class')
+ ... self.MockClass = patcher.start()
+ ... self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+ ...
+ ... def test_something(self):
+ ... assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass
+ ...
+ >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+ As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the `patcher`
+ object.
+
+It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using
+`patch.stopall`.
+
+.. function:: patch.stopall
+
+ Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with `start`.
+
+
+TEST_PREFIX
+===========
+
+All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
+they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
+start with `test` as being test methods. This is the same way that the
+`unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default.
+
+It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
+inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo'
+ >>> value = 3
+ >>>
+ >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three')
+ ... class Thing(object):
+ ... def foo_one(self):
+ ... print value
+ ... def foo_two(self):
+ ... print value
+ ...
+ >>>
+ >>> Thing().foo_one()
+ not three
+ >>> Thing().foo_two()
+ not three
+ >>> value
+ 3
+
+
+Nesting Patch Decorators
+========================
+
+If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
+decorators.
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+ ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+ ... def test(mock1, mock2):
+ ... assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1
+ ... assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2
+ ... SomeClass.static_method('foo')
+ ... SomeClass.class_method('bar')
+ ... return mock1, mock2
+ ...
+ >>> mock1, mock2 = test()
+ >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+ >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar')
+
+
+Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
+standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
+passed into your test function matches this order.
+
+Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib's nested
+function; *every* patching will appear in the tuple after "as":
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> from contextlib import nested
+ >>> with nested(
+ ... patch('package.module.ClassName1'),
+ ... patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+ ... ) as (MockClass1, MockClass2):
+ ... assert package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1
+ ... assert package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2
+ ...
+
+
+.. _where-to-patch:
+
+Where to patch
+==============
+
+`patch` works by (temporarily) changing the object that a *name* points to with
+another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
+for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
+under test.
+
+The basic principle is that you patch where an object is *looked up*, which
+is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
+examples will help to clarify this.
+
+Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure::
+
+ a.py
+ -> Defines SomeClass
+
+ b.py
+ -> from a import SomeClass
+ -> some_function instantiates SomeClass
+
+Now we want to test `some_function` but we want to mock out `SomeClass` using
+`patch`. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
+do then it imports `SomeClass` from module a. If we use `patch` to mock out
+`a.SomeClass` then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
+reference to the *real* `SomeClass` and it looks like our patching had no
+effect.
+
+The key is to patch out `SomeClass` where it is used (or where it is looked up
+). In this case `some_function` will actually look up `SomeClass` in module b,
+where we have imported it. The patching should look like:
+
+ `@patch('b.SomeClass')`
+
+However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of `from a import
+SomeClass` module b does `import a` and `some_function` uses `a.SomeClass`. Both
+of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
+being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch `a.SomeClass` instead:
+
+ `@patch('a.SomeClass')`
+
+
+Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects
+======================================
+
+Since version 0.6.0 both patch_ and patch.object_ have been able to correctly
+patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties.
+You should patch these on the *class* rather than an instance.
+
+Since version 0.7.0 patch_ and patch.object_ work correctly with some objects
+that proxy attribute access, like the `django setttings object
+<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198>`_.
+
+.. note::
+
+ In django `import settings` and `from django.conf import settings`
+ return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you
+ may have to patch both. Grrr...
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c5223da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+==========
+ Sentinel
+==========
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+ class ProductionClass(object):
+ def something(self):
+ return self.method()
+
+ class Test(unittest2.TestCase):
+ def testSomething(self):
+ pass
+ self = Test('testSomething')
+
+
+.. data:: sentinel
+
+ The ``sentinel`` object provides a convenient way of providing unique
+ objects for your tests.
+
+ Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
+ the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
+ returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.
+
+
+.. data:: DEFAULT
+
+ The `DEFAULT` object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
+ `sentinel.DEFAULT`). It can be used by :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`
+ functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.
+
+
+Sentinel Example
+================
+
+Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
+argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
+sentinel objects to test this. `sentinel` provides a convenient way of
+creating and testing the identity of objects like this.
+
+In this example we monkey patch `method` to return
+`sentinel.some_object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+ >>> real = ProductionClass()
+ >>> real.method = Mock(name="method")
+ >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object
+ >>> result = real.method()
+ >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object
+ >>> sentinel.some_object
+ sentinel.some_object
+
+
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60395bcef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css
@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+/**
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ */
+ h3 {
+ color:#000000;
+ font-size: 17px;
+ margin-bottom:0.5em;
+ margin-top:2em;
+ }
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+ clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- header ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#header #title {
+ background:#29334F url(title_background.png) repeat-x scroll 0 0;
+ border-bottom:1px solid #B6B6B6;
+ height:25px;
+ overflow:hidden;
+}
+#headerButtons {
+ position: absolute;
+ list-style: none outside;
+ top: 26px;
+ left: 0px;
+ right: 0px;
+ margin: 0px;
+ padding: 0px;
+ border-top: 1px solid #2B334F;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #EDEDED;
+ height: 20px;
+ font-size: 8pt;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ background-color: #D8D8D8;
+}
+
+#headerButtons li {
+ background-repeat:no-repeat;
+ display:inline;
+ margin-top:0;
+ padding:0;
+}
+
+.headerButton {
+ display: inline;
+ height:20px;
+}
+
+.headerButton a {
+ text-decoration: none;
+ float: right;
+ height: 20px;
+ padding: 4px 15px;
+ border-left: 1px solid #ACACAC;
+ font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+ color: black;
+}
+.headerButton a:hover {
+ color: white;
+ background-color: #787878;
+
+}
+
+li#toc_button {
+ text-align:left;
+}
+
+li#toc_button .headerButton a {
+ width:198px;
+ padding-top: 4px;
+ font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+ color: black;
+ float: left;
+ padding-left:15px;
+ border-right:1px solid #ACACAC;
+ background:transparent url(triangle_open.png) no-repeat scroll 4px 6px;
+}
+
+li#toc_button .headerButton a:hover {
+ background-color: #787878;
+ color: white;
+}
+
+li#page_buttons {
+position:absolute;
+right:0;
+}
+
+#breadcrumbs {
+ color: black;
+ background-image:url(breadcrumb_background.png);
+ border-top:1px solid #2B334F;
+ bottom:0;
+ font-size:10px;
+ height:15px;
+ left:0;
+ overflow:hidden;
+ padding:3px 10px 0;
+ position:absolute;
+ right:0;
+ white-space:nowrap;
+ z-index:901;
+}
+#breadcrumbs a {
+ color: black;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+#breadcrumbs a:hover {
+ text-decoration: underline;
+}
+#breadcrumbs img {
+ padding-left: 3px;
+}
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+#sphinxsidebar {
+ position: absolute;
+ top: 84px;
+ bottom: 19px;
+ left: 0px;
+ width: 229px;
+ background-color: #E4EBF7;
+ border-right: 1px solid #ACACAC;
+ border-top: 1px solid #2B334F;
+ overflow-x: hidden;
+ overflow-y: auto;
+ padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
+ font-size:11px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+ padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar li {
+ margin: 0px;
+ padding: 0px;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin: 0px 0px 7px 0px;
+ overflow: hidden;
+ text-overflow: ellipsis;
+ font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar ul {
+ list-style: none;
+ margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
+ padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+#sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+ list-style: square;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar form {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar input {
+ border: 1px solid #787878;
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+ font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+img {
+ border: 0;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar li.toctree-l1 a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #000;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar li.toctree-l2 a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ color: #4f4f4f;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+ margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+ padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+ padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+ background-image: url(file.png);
+ background-repeat: no-repeat;
+ background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+ color: #888;
+ margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+#sphinxsidebar input.prettysearch {border:none;}
+input.searchbutton {
+ float: right;
+}
+.search-wrapper {width: 100%; height: 25px;}
+.search-wrapper input.prettysearch { border: none; width:200px; height: 16px; background: url(searchfield_repeat.png) center top repeat-x; border: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 3px 0 0 0; font: 11px "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Arial, sans-serif; }
+.search-wrapper input.prettysearch { width: 184px; margin-left: 20px; *margin-top:-1px; *margin-right:-2px; *margin-left:10px; }
+.search-wrapper .search-left { display: block; position: absolute; width: 20px; height: 19px; background: url(searchfield_leftcap.png) left top no-repeat; }
+.search-wrapper .search-right { display: block; position: relative; left: 204px; top: -19px; width: 10px; height: 19px; background: url(searchfield_rightcap.png) right top no-repeat; }
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+ width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+ line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+ font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+ font-style: italic;
+ padding-top: 5px;
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable td {
+ text-align: left;
+ vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+ height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+ background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+ margin-right: 3px;
+ margin-top: 3px;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+.document {
+ border-top:1px solid #2B334F;
+ overflow:auto;
+ padding-left:2em;
+ padding-right:2em;
+ position:absolute;
+ z-index:1;
+ top:84px;
+ bottom:19px;
+ right:0;
+ left:230px;
+}
+
+a.headerlink {
+ visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink {
+ visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+ text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+ padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+ margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+ margin-top: 30px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*div.sidebar {
+ margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+ border: 1px solid #ddb;
+ padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+ background-color: #ffe;
+ width: 40%;
+ float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+*/
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+ border: 1px solid #ccc;
+ padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+ margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+ font-size: 1.1em;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+.admonition {
+ border: 1px solid #a1a5a9;
+ background-color: #f7f7f7;
+ margin: 20px;
+ padding: 0px 8px 7px 9px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+.warning {
+ background-color:#E8E8E8;
+ border:1px solid #111111;
+ margin:30px;
+}
+.admonition p {
+ font: 12px 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+ margin-top: 7px;
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+ margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ padding-top: 3px;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+ text-align: center;
+ margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ border-top: 1px solid #919699;
+ border-left: 1px solid #919699;
+ border-right: 1px solid #919699;
+ font-size:12px;
+ padding:8px;
+ text-align:left;
+ vertical-align:top;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+ padding: 8px;
+ font-size: 12px;
+ text-align: left;
+ vertical-align: top;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #919699;
+}
+
+table.docutils th {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+/* This alternates colors in up to six table rows (light blue for odd, white for even)*/
+.docutils tr {
+ background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr {
+ background: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr {
+ background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr {
+ background: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr +tr + tr {
+ background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr {
+ background: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr {
+ background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+ border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+ text-align: left;
+ padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+dl {
+ margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+ margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+ margin-top: 3px;
+ margin-bottom: 10px;
+ margin-left: 30px;
+ font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlight {
+ background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ font-size: 0.8em;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dd {
+ font-size:12px;
+}
+.field-list ul {
+ vertical-align: top;
+ margin: 0;
+ padding-bottom: 0;
+ list-style: none inside;
+}
+
+.field-list ul li {
+ margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+ margin: 0;
+}
+
+.refcount {
+ color: #060;
+}
+
+.optional {
+ font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+ background-color: #fda;
+ padding: 5px;
+ border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target {
+ background-color: #ffa
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+ overflow: auto;
+ background-color:#F1F5F9;
+ border:1px solid #C9D1D7;
+ border-spacing:0;
+ font-family:"Bitstream Vera Sans Mono",Monaco,"Lucida Console",Courier,Consolas,monospace;
+ font-size:11px;
+ padding: 10px;
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+ padding: 5px 0px;
+ border: 0;
+ background-color: transparent;
+ color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+ margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+ padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+tt {
+ font-family:"Bitstream Vera Sans Mono",Monaco,"Lucida Console",Courier,Consolas,monospace;
+
+}
+
+tt.descname {
+ background-color: transparent;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+tt.descclassname {
+ background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+tt.xref, a tt {
+ background-color: transparent;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
+ background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+ vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+ float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+ div.document,
+ div.documentwrapper,
+ div.bodywrapper {
+ margin: 0;
+ width: 100%;
+ }
+
+ div.sphinxsidebar,
+ div.related,
+ div.footer,
+ #top-link {
+ display: none;
+ }
+}
+
+body {
+ font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+}
+
+dl.class dt {
+ padding: 3px;
+/* border-top: 2px solid #999;*/
+}
+
+em.property {
+ font-style: normal;
+}
+
+dl.class dd p {
+ margin-top: 6px;
+}
+
+dl.class dd dl.exception dt {
+ padding: 3px;
+ background-color: #FFD6D6;
+ border-top: none;
+}
+
+dl.class dd dl.method dt {
+ padding: 3px;
+ background-color: #e9e9e9;
+ border-top: none;
+
+}
+
+dl.function dt {
+ padding: 3px;
+ border-top: 2px solid #999;
+}
+
+ul {
+list-style-image:none;
+list-style-position:outside;
+list-style-type:square;
+margin:0 0 0 30px;
+padding:0 0 12px 6px;
+}
+#docstitle {
+ height: 36px;
+ background-image: url(header_sm_mid.png);
+ left: 0;
+ top: 0;
+ position: absolute;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+#docstitle p {
+ padding:7px 0 0 45px;
+ margin: 0;
+ color: white;
+ text-shadow:0 1px 0 #787878;
+ background: transparent url(documentation.png) no-repeat scroll 10px 3px;
+ height: 36px;
+ font-size: 15px;
+}
+#header {
+height:45px;
+left:0;
+position:absolute;
+right:0;
+top:36px;
+z-index:900;
+}
+
+#header h1 {
+font-size:10pt;
+margin:0;
+padding:5px 0 0 10px;
+text-shadow:0 1px 0 #D5D5D5;
+white-space:nowrap;
+}
+
+h1 {
+-x-system-font:none;
+color:#000000;
+font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+font-size:30px;
+font-size-adjust:none;
+font-stretch:normal;
+font-style:normal;
+font-variant:normal;
+font-weight:bold;
+line-height:normal;
+margin-bottom:25px;
+margin-top:1em;
+}
+
+.footer {
+border-top:1px solid #DDDDDD;
+clear:both;
+padding-top:9px;
+width:100%;
+font-size:10px;
+}
+
+p {
+-x-system-font:none;
+font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+font-size:12px;
+font-size-adjust:none;
+font-stretch:normal;
+font-style:normal;
+font-variant:normal;
+font-weight:normal;
+line-height:normal;
+margin-bottom:10px;
+margin-top:0;
+}
+
+h2 {
+border-bottom:1px solid #919699;
+color:#000000;
+font-size:24px;
+margin-top:2.5em;
+padding-bottom:2px;
+}
+
+a:link:hover {
+color:#093D92;
+text-decoration:underline;
+}
+
+a:link {
+color:#093D92;
+text-decoration:none;
+}
+
+
+ol {
+list-style-position:outside;
+list-style-type:decimal;
+margin:0 0 0 30px;
+padding:0 0 12px 6px;
+}
+li {
+margin-top:7px;
+font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+font-size:12px;
+font-size-adjust:none;
+font-stretch:normal;
+font-style:normal;
+font-variant:normal;
+font-weight:normal;
+line-height:normal;
+}
+li p {
+margin-top:8px;
+} \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43e8bafaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+ clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+ width: 100%;
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+ margin: 0;
+ padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+ list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+ display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+ float: right;
+ margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+ padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+ float: left;
+ width: 230px;
+ margin-left: -100%;
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+ list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+ margin-left: 20px;
+ list-style: square;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+ border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+ font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+ width: 170px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] {
+ width: 30px;
+}
+
+img {
+ border: 0;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+ margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+ padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+ padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+ background-image: url(file.png);
+ background-repeat: no-repeat;
+ background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+ color: #888;
+ margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+ width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+ line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+ font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+ font-style: italic;
+ padding-top: 5px;
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable {
+ width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+ text-align: left;
+ vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+ height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+ background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+ margin-right: 3px;
+ margin-top: 3px;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+ margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+ padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+ border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+ margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+ padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+a.headerlink {
+ visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink {
+ visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+ text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+ padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+ margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+ margin-top: 30px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+ clear: left;
+ float: left;
+ margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
+ clear: right;
+ float: right;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
+ display: block;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+ text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+ text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+ margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+ border: 1px solid #ddb;
+ padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+ background-color: #ffe;
+ width: 40%;
+ float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+ border: 1px solid #ccc;
+ padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+ margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+ font-size: 1.1em;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+ margin-top: 10px;
+ margin-bottom: 10px;
+ padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+ margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+ text-align: center;
+ margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+ border: 0;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+ padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+ border-top: 0;
+ border-left: 0;
+ border-right: 0;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+ border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+ border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+ text-align: left;
+ padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+ border-left: solid 1px gray;
+ margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+ border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+ list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+ list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+ list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+ list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+ list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+ margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+ margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+ margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+ margin-top: 3px;
+ margin-bottom: 10px;
+ margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlighted {
+ background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+ font-weight: bold;
+ font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+ margin: 0;
+ padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+ margin: 0;
+}
+
+.refcount {
+ color: #060;
+}
+
+.optional {
+ font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+ background-color: #fda;
+ padding: 5px;
+ border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target {
+ background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+ display: block;
+ margin-top: 1em;
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.line-block .line-block {
+ margin-top: 0;
+ margin-bottom: 0;
+ margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+ text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+ font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+ border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+ cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+ overflow: auto;
+ overflow-y: hidden; /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+ padding: 5px 0px;
+ border: 0;
+ background-color: transparent;
+ color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+ margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+ padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+tt.descname {
+ background-color: transparent;
+ font-weight: bold;
+ font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+tt.descclassname {
+ background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+tt.xref, a tt {
+ background-color: transparent;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
+ background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+ float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+ float: right;
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+ margin: -1px -10px;
+ padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+ vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+ float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+ div.document,
+ div.documentwrapper,
+ div.bodywrapper {
+ margin: 0 !important;
+ width: 100%;
+ }
+
+ div.sphinxsidebar,
+ div.related,
+ div.footer,
+ #top-link {
+ display: none;
+ }
+} \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/breadcrumb_background.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/breadcrumb_background.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b45910e0
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/default.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/default.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a3ac1331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/default.css
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/*
+ * default.css_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- default theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2010 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+@import url("basic.css");
+
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+body {
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+ font-size: 100%;
+ background-color: #11303d;
+ color: #000;
+ margin: 0;
+ padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.document {
+ background-color: #1c4e63;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+ float: left;
+ width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+ margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+div.body {
+ background-color: #ffffff;
+ color: #000000;
+ padding: 0 20px 30px 20px;
+}
+
+div.footer {
+ color: #ffffff;
+ width: 100%;
+ padding: 9px 0 9px 0;
+ text-align: center;
+ font-size: 75%;
+}
+
+div.footer a {
+ color: #ffffff;
+ text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+div.related {
+ background-color: #133f52;
+ line-height: 30px;
+ color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.related a {
+ color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 {
+ font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+ color: #ffffff;
+ font-size: 1.4em;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin: 0;
+ padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+ color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+ font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+ color: #ffffff;
+ font-size: 1.3em;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin: 5px 0 0 0;
+ padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+ color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+ margin: 5px 10px 10px 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+ margin: 10px;
+ padding: 0;
+ color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+ color: #98dbcc;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+ border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+ font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+
+
+/* -- hyperlink styles ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+a {
+ color: #355f7c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+ color: #355f7c;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+ text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+
+
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+ font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+ background-color: #f2f2f2;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ color: #20435c;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
+ margin: 20px -20px 10px -20px;
+ padding: 3px 0 3px 10px;
+}
+
+div.body h1 { margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 160%; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 140%; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 120%; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 110%; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; }
+
+a.headerlink {
+ color: #c60f0f;
+ font-size: 0.8em;
+ padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.headerlink:hover {
+ background-color: #c60f0f;
+ color: white;
+}
+
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
+ text-align: justify;
+ line-height: 130%;
+}
+
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+ display: inline;
+}
+
+div.admonition p {
+ margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition pre {
+ margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition ul, div.admonition ol {
+ margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.note {
+ background-color: #eee;
+ border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+div.seealso {
+ background-color: #ffc;
+ border: 1px solid #ff6;
+}
+
+div.topic {
+ background-color: #eee;
+}
+
+div.warning {
+ background-color: #ffe4e4;
+ border: 1px solid #f66;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+ display: inline;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title:after {
+ content: ":";
+}
+
+pre {
+ padding: 5px;
+ background-color: #eeffcc;
+ color: #333333;
+ line-height: 120%;
+ border: 1px solid #ac9;
+ border-left: none;
+ border-right: none;
+}
+
+tt {
+ background-color: #ecf0f3;
+ padding: 0 1px 0 1px;
+ font-size: 0.95em;
+}
+
+th {
+ background-color: #ede;
+}
+
+.warning tt {
+ background: #efc2c2;
+}
+
+.note tt {
+ background: #d6d6d6;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+ background-color: #f4debf;
+ border-top: 1px solid #ac9;
+ border-bottom: 1px solid #ac9;
+} \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/doctools.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4619fdfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+ var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+ "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+ "profile", "profileEnd"];
+ window.console = {};
+ for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+ window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+ return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+}
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+ if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+ s = document.location.search;
+ var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+ var result = {};
+ for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+ var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+ var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+ var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+ if (key in result)
+ result[key].push(value);
+ else
+ result[key] = [value];
+ }
+ return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * small function to check if an array contains
+ * a given item.
+ */
+jQuery.contains = function(arr, item) {
+ for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
+ if (arr[i] == item)
+ return true;
+ }
+ return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+ function highlight(node) {
+ if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+ var val = node.nodeValue;
+ var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+ if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+ var span = document.createElement("span");
+ span.className = className;
+ span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+ node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+ document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+ node.nextSibling));
+ node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+ }
+ }
+ else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+ jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+ highlight(this);
+ });
+ }
+ }
+ return this.each(function() {
+ highlight(this);
+ });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+ init : function() {
+ this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+ this.highlightSearchWords();
+ this.initIndexTable();
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * i18n support
+ */
+ TRANSLATIONS : {},
+ PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+ LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+ // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+ // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+ gettext : function(string) {
+ var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+ if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+ return string;
+ return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+ },
+
+ ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+ var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+ if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+ return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+ return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+ },
+
+ addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+ for (var key in catalog.messages)
+ this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+ this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+ this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * add context elements like header anchor links
+ */
+ addContextElements : function() {
+ $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+ $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+ attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+ attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+ appendTo(this);
+ });
+ $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+ $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+ attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+ attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+ appendTo(this);
+ });
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * workaround a firefox stupidity
+ */
+ fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+ if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla)
+ window.setTimeout(function() {
+ document.location.href += '';
+ }, 10);
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+ */
+ highlightSearchWords : function() {
+ var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+ var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+ if (terms.length) {
+ var body = $('div.body');
+ window.setTimeout(function() {
+ $.each(terms, function() {
+ body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+ });
+ }, 10);
+ $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+ 'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+ .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+ }
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * init the domain index toggle buttons
+ */
+ initIndexTable : function() {
+ var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+ var src = $(this).attr('src');
+ var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+ $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+ if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+ $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+ else
+ $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+ }).css('display', '');
+ if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+ togglers.click();
+ }
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * helper function to hide the search marks again
+ */
+ hideSearchWords : function() {
+ $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+ $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * make the url absolute
+ */
+ makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+ return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * get the current relative url
+ */
+ getCurrentURL : function() {
+ var path = document.location.pathname;
+ var parts = path.split(/\//);
+ $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+ if (this == '..')
+ parts.pop();
+ });
+ var url = parts.join('/');
+ return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+ }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ Documentation.init();
+});
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/jquery.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c2430802
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+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*!
+ * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.4.2
+ * http://jquery.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, John Resig
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Includes Sizzle.js
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ * Copyright 2010, The Dojo Foundation
+ * Released under the MIT, BSD, and GPL Licenses.
+ *
+ * Date: Sat Feb 13 22:33:48 2010 -0500
+ */
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da1c5620d
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/mobile.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/mobile.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cfe799b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/mobile.css
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/*
+ * CSS adjustments (overrides) for mobile browsers that cannot handle
+ * fix-positioned div's very well.
+ * This makes long pages scrollable on mobile browsers.
+ */
+
+#breadcrumbs {
+ display: none !important;
+}
+
+.document {
+ bottom: inherit !important;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar {
+ bottom: inherit !important;
+}
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/plus.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/plus.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3cb37425
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/pygments.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/pygments.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f07b654ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/pygments.css
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+.highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
+.highlight { background: #f0f0f0; }
+.highlight .c { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
+.highlight .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
+.highlight .k { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
+.highlight .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
+.highlight .cm { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.highlight .cp { color: #007020 } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.highlight .c1 { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
+.highlight .cs { color: #60a0b0; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Comment.Special */
+.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
+.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
+.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.highlight .go { color: #808080 } /* Generic.Output */
+.highlight .gp { color: #c65d09; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.highlight .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.highlight .gt { color: #0040D0 } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.highlight .kc { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.highlight .kd { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.highlight .kn { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
+.highlight .kp { color: #007020 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.highlight .kr { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.highlight .kt { color: #902000 } /* Keyword.Type */
+.highlight .m { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number */
+.highlight .s { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String */
+.highlight .na { color: #4070a0 } /* Name.Attribute */
+.highlight .nb { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.highlight .nc { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
+.highlight .no { color: #60add5 } /* Name.Constant */
+.highlight .nd { color: #555555; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Decorator */
+.highlight .ni { color: #d55537; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
+.highlight .ne { color: #007020 } /* Name.Exception */
+.highlight .nf { color: #06287e } /* Name.Function */
+.highlight .nl { color: #002070; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Label */
+.highlight .nn { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
+.highlight .nt { color: #062873; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
+.highlight .nv { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable */
+.highlight .ow { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
+.highlight .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.highlight .mf { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.highlight .mh { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.highlight .mi { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.highlight .mo { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.highlight .sb { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.highlight .sc { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.highlight .sd { color: #4070a0; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.highlight .s2 { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.highlight .se { color: #4070a0; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.highlight .sh { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.highlight .si { color: #70a0d0; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.highlight .sx { color: #c65d09 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.highlight .sr { color: #235388 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.highlight .s1 { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.highlight .ss { color: #517918 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.highlight .bp { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.highlight .vc { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.highlight .vg { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.highlight .vi { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.highlight .il { color: #40a070 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */ \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/scrn1.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/scrn1.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6499b3cf7
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/scrn2.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/scrn2.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a60215d0
--- /dev/null
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Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_leftcap.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_leftcap.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc00c22b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_leftcap.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_repeat.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_repeat.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b429a16ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_repeat.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_rightcap.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_rightcap.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e13620ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_rightcap.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchtools.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchtools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..663be4c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchtools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilties for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * helper function to return a node containing the
+ * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+ * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+ * words. the first one is used to find the occurance, the
+ * latter for highlighting it.
+ */
+
+jQuery.makeSearchSummary = function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+ var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+ var start = 0;
+ $.each(keywords, function() {
+ var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+ if (i > -1)
+ start = i;
+ });
+ start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+ var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+ $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+ ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+ var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+ $.each(hlwords, function() {
+ rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+ });
+ return rv;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+ var step2list = {
+ ational: 'ate',
+ tional: 'tion',
+ enci: 'ence',
+ anci: 'ance',
+ izer: 'ize',
+ bli: 'ble',
+ alli: 'al',
+ entli: 'ent',
+ eli: 'e',
+ ousli: 'ous',
+ ization: 'ize',
+ ation: 'ate',
+ ator: 'ate',
+ alism: 'al',
+ iveness: 'ive',
+ fulness: 'ful',
+ ousness: 'ous',
+ aliti: 'al',
+ iviti: 'ive',
+ biliti: 'ble',
+ logi: 'log'
+ };
+
+ var step3list = {
+ icate: 'ic',
+ ative: '',
+ alize: 'al',
+ iciti: 'ic',
+ ical: 'ic',
+ ful: '',
+ ness: ''
+ };
+
+ var c = "[^aeiou]"; // consonant
+ var v = "[aeiouy]"; // vowel
+ var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*"; // consonant sequence
+ var V = v + "[aeiou]*"; // vowel sequence
+
+ var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C; // [C]VC... is m>0
+ var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$"; // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+ var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C; // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+ var s_v = "^(" + C + ")?" + v; // vowel in stem
+
+ this.stemWord = function (w) {
+ var stem;
+ var suffix;
+ var firstch;
+ var origword = w;
+
+ if (w.length < 3)
+ return w;
+
+ var re;
+ var re2;
+ var re3;
+ var re4;
+
+ firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+ if (firstch == "y")
+ w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+ // Step 1a
+ re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+ re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+ if (re.test(w))
+ w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+ else if (re2.test(w))
+ w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+ // Step 1b
+ re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+ re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+ if (re.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re.exec(w);
+ re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+ if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+ re = /.$/;
+ w = w.replace(re,"");
+ }
+ }
+ else if (re2.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re2.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1];
+ re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+ if (re2.test(stem)) {
+ w = stem;
+ re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+ re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+ re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+ if (re2.test(w))
+ w = w + "e";
+ else if (re3.test(w)) {
+ re = /.$/;
+ w = w.replace(re,"");
+ }
+ else if (re4.test(w))
+ w = w + "e";
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Step 1c
+ re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+ if (re.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1];
+ re = new RegExp(s_v);
+ if (re.test(stem))
+ w = stem + "i";
+ }
+
+ // Step 2
+ re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+ if (re.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1];
+ suffix = fp[2];
+ re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+ if (re.test(stem))
+ w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+ }
+
+ // Step 3
+ re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+ if (re.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1];
+ suffix = fp[2];
+ re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+ if (re.test(stem))
+ w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+ }
+
+ // Step 4
+ re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+ re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+ if (re.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1];
+ re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+ if (re.test(stem))
+ w = stem;
+ }
+ else if (re2.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re2.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+ re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+ if (re2.test(stem))
+ w = stem;
+ }
+
+ // Step 5
+ re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+ if (re.test(w)) {
+ var fp = re.exec(w);
+ stem = fp[1];
+ re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+ re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+ re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+ if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+ w = stem;
+ }
+ re = /ll$/;
+ re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+ if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+ re = /.$/;
+ w = w.replace(re,"");
+ }
+
+ // and turn initial Y back to y
+ if (firstch == "y")
+ w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+ return w;
+ }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+ _index : null,
+ _queued_query : null,
+ _pulse_status : -1,
+
+ init : function() {
+ var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+ if (params.q) {
+ var query = params.q[0];
+ $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+ this.performSearch(query);
+ }
+ },
+
+ loadIndex : function(url) {
+ $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null, success: null,
+ dataType: "script", cache: true});
+ },
+
+ setIndex : function(index) {
+ var q;
+ this._index = index;
+ if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+ this._queued_query = null;
+ Search.query(q);
+ }
+ },
+
+ hasIndex : function() {
+ return this._index !== null;
+ },
+
+ deferQuery : function(query) {
+ this._queued_query = query;
+ },
+
+ stopPulse : function() {
+ this._pulse_status = 0;
+ },
+
+ startPulse : function() {
+ if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+ return;
+ function pulse() {
+ Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+ var dotString = '';
+ for (var i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+ dotString += '.';
+ Search.dots.text(dotString);
+ if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+ window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+ };
+ pulse();
+ },
+
+ /**
+ * perform a search for something
+ */
+ performSearch : function(query) {
+ // create the required interface elements
+ this.out = $('#search-results');
+ this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+ this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+ this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+ this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+ $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+ this.startPulse();
+
+ // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+ if (this.hasIndex())
+ this.query(query);
+ else
+ this.deferQuery(query);
+ },
+
+ query : function(query) {
+ var stopwords = ["and","then","into","it","as","are","in","if","for","no","there","their","was","is","be","to","that","but","they","not","such","with","by","a","on","these","of","will","this","near","the","or","at"];
+
+ // Stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+ var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+ var searchterms = [];
+ var excluded = [];
+ var hlterms = [];
+ var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+ var objectterms = [];
+ for (var i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+ if (tmp[i] != "") {
+ objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+ }
+
+ if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i]) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+ tmp[i] == "") {
+ // skip this "word"
+ continue;
+ }
+ // stem the word
+ var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i]).toLowerCase();
+ // select the correct list
+ if (word[0] == '-') {
+ var toAppend = excluded;
+ word = word.substr(1);
+ }
+ else {
+ var toAppend = searchterms;
+ hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+ }
+ // only add if not already in the list
+ if (!$.contains(toAppend, word))
+ toAppend.push(word);
+ };
+ var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+ // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+ // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+ // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+ // prepare search
+ var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+ var titles = this._index.titles;
+ var terms = this._index.terms;
+ var fileMap = {};
+ var files = null;
+ // different result priorities
+ var importantResults = [];
+ var objectResults = [];
+ var regularResults = [];
+ var unimportantResults = [];
+ $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+ // lookup as object
+ for (var i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+ var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0,i),
+ objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length))
+ var results = this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others);
+ // Assume first word is most likely to be the object,
+ // other words more likely to be in description.
+ // Therefore put matches for earlier words first.
+ // (Results are eventually used in reverse order).
+ objectResults = results[0].concat(objectResults);
+ importantResults = results[1].concat(importantResults);
+ unimportantResults = results[2].concat(unimportantResults);
+ }
+
+ // perform the search on the required terms
+ for (var i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+ var word = searchterms[i];
+ // no match but word was a required one
+ if ((files = terms[word]) == null)
+ break;
+ if (files.length == undefined) {
+ files = [files];
+ }
+ // create the mapping
+ for (var j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+ var file = files[j];
+ if (file in fileMap)
+ fileMap[file].push(word);
+ else
+ fileMap[file] = [word];
+ }
+ }
+
+ // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+ for (var file in fileMap) {
+ var valid = true;
+
+ // check if all requirements are matched
+ if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+ continue;
+
+ // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the
+ // search result.
+ for (var i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+ if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+ $.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+ valid = false;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // if we have still a valid result we can add it
+ // to the result list
+ if (valid)
+ regularResults.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null]);
+ }
+
+ // delete unused variables in order to not waste
+ // memory until list is retrieved completely
+ delete filenames, titles, terms;
+
+ // now sort the regular results descending by title
+ regularResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ var left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+ var right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+ return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ // combine all results
+ var results = unimportantResults.concat(regularResults)
+ .concat(objectResults).concat(importantResults);
+
+ // print the results
+ var resultCount = results.length;
+ function displayNextItem() {
+ // results left, load the summary and display it
+ if (results.length) {
+ var item = results.pop();
+ var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+ if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX == '') {
+ // dirhtml builder
+ var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+ if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+ dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+ } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+ dirname = '';
+ }
+ listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+ DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+ highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+ } else {
+ // normal html builders
+ listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+ item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+ highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+ }
+ if (item[3]) {
+ listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+ Search.output.append(listItem);
+ listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+ displayNextItem();
+ });
+ } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+ $.get(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' +
+ item[0] + '.txt', function(data) {
+ if (data != '') {
+ listItem.append($.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+ Search.output.append(listItem);
+ }
+ listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+ displayNextItem();
+ });
+ }, "text");
+ } else {
+ // no source available, just display title
+ Search.output.append(listItem);
+ listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+ displayNextItem();
+ });
+ }
+ }
+ // search finished, update title and status message
+ else {
+ Search.stopPulse();
+ Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+ if (!resultCount)
+ Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+ else
+ Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+ Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+ }
+ }
+ displayNextItem();
+ },
+
+ performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+ var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+ var objects = this._index.objects;
+ var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+ var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+ var importantResults = [];
+ var objectResults = [];
+ var unimportantResults = [];
+
+ for (var prefix in objects) {
+ for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+ var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+ if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+ var match = objects[prefix][name];
+ var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+ var title = titles[match[0]];
+ // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+ // found in the name/title/description
+ if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+ var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+ objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+ var allfound = true;
+ for (var i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+ if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+ allfound = false;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!allfound) {
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+ anchor = match[3];
+ if (anchor == '')
+ anchor = fullname;
+ else if (anchor == '-')
+ anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+ result = [filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr];
+ switch (match[2]) {
+ case 1: objectResults.push(result); break;
+ case 0: importantResults.push(result); break;
+ case 2: unimportantResults.push(result); break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // sort results descending
+ objectResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ importantResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ unimportantResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+ return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+ });
+
+ return [importantResults, objectResults, unimportantResults]
+ }
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ Search.init();
+}); \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/sidebar.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/sidebar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..731851711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/sidebar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/*
+ * sidebar.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This script makes the Sphinx sidebar collapsible.
+ *
+ * .sphinxsidebar contains .sphinxsidebarwrapper. This script adds
+ * in .sphixsidebar, after .sphinxsidebarwrapper, the #sidebarbutton
+ * used to collapse and expand the sidebar.
+ *
+ * When the sidebar is collapsed the .sphinxsidebarwrapper is hidden
+ * and the width of the sidebar and the margin-left of the document
+ * are decreased. When the sidebar is expanded the opposite happens.
+ * This script saves a per-browser/per-session cookie used to
+ * remember the position of the sidebar among the pages.
+ * Once the browser is closed the cookie is deleted and the position
+ * reset to the default (expanded).
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2010 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+$(function() {
+ // global elements used by the functions.
+ // the 'sidebarbutton' element is defined as global after its
+ // creation, in the add_sidebar_button function
+ var bodywrapper = $('.bodywrapper');
+ var sidebar = $('.sphinxsidebar');
+ var sidebarwrapper = $('.sphinxsidebarwrapper');
+
+ // original margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+ // with the sidebar expanded
+ var bw_margin_expanded = bodywrapper.css('margin-left');
+ var ssb_width_expanded = sidebar.width();
+
+ // margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+ // with the sidebar collapsed
+ var bw_margin_collapsed = '.8em';
+ var ssb_width_collapsed = '.8em';
+
+ // colors used by the current theme
+ var dark_color = $('.related').css('background-color');
+ var light_color = $('.document').css('background-color');
+
+ function sidebar_is_collapsed() {
+ return sidebarwrapper.is(':not(:visible)');
+ }
+
+ function toggle_sidebar() {
+ if (sidebar_is_collapsed())
+ expand_sidebar();
+ else
+ collapse_sidebar();
+ }
+
+ function collapse_sidebar() {
+ sidebarwrapper.hide();
+ sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_collapsed);
+ bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_collapsed);
+ sidebarbutton.css({
+ 'margin-left': '0',
+ 'height': bodywrapper.height()
+ });
+ sidebarbutton.find('span').text('»');
+ sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Expand sidebar'));
+ document.cookie = 'sidebar=collapsed';
+ }
+
+ function expand_sidebar() {
+ bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_expanded);
+ sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_expanded);
+ sidebarwrapper.show();
+ sidebarbutton.css({
+ 'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded-12,
+ 'height': bodywrapper.height()
+ });
+ sidebarbutton.find('span').text('«');
+ sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+ document.cookie = 'sidebar=expanded';
+ }
+
+ function add_sidebar_button() {
+ sidebarwrapper.css({
+ 'float': 'left',
+ 'margin-right': '0',
+ 'width': ssb_width_expanded - 28
+ });
+ // create the button
+ sidebar.append(
+ '<div id="sidebarbutton"><span>&laquo;</span></div>'
+ );
+ var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+ light_color = sidebarbutton.css('background-color');
+ // find the height of the viewport to center the '<<' in the page
+ var viewport_height;
+ if (window.innerHeight)
+ viewport_height = window.innerHeight;
+ else
+ viewport_height = $(window).height();
+ sidebarbutton.find('span').css({
+ 'display': 'block',
+ 'margin-top': (viewport_height - sidebar.position().top - 20) / 2
+ });
+
+ sidebarbutton.click(toggle_sidebar);
+ sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+ sidebarbutton.css({
+ 'color': '#FFFFFF',
+ 'border-left': '1px solid ' + dark_color,
+ 'font-size': '1.2em',
+ 'cursor': 'pointer',
+ 'height': bodywrapper.height(),
+ 'padding-top': '1px',
+ 'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded - 12
+ });
+
+ sidebarbutton.hover(
+ function () {
+ $(this).css('background-color', dark_color);
+ },
+ function () {
+ $(this).css('background-color', light_color);
+ }
+ );
+ }
+
+ function set_position_from_cookie() {
+ if (!document.cookie)
+ return;
+ var items = document.cookie.split(';');
+ for(var k=0; k<items.length; k++) {
+ var key_val = items[k].split('=');
+ var key = key_val[0];
+ if (key == 'sidebar') {
+ var value = key_val[1];
+ if ((value == 'collapsed') && (!sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+ collapse_sidebar();
+ else if ((value == 'expanded') && (sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+ expand_sidebar();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ add_sidebar_button();
+ var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+ set_position_from_cookie();
+});
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/title_background.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/title_background.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fcd1cda8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/title_background.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/toc.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/toc.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b709785d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/toc.js
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+var TOC = {
+ load: function () {
+ $('#toc_button').click(TOC.toggle);
+ },
+
+ toggle: function () {
+ if ($('#sphinxsidebar').toggle().is(':hidden')) {
+ $('div.document').css('left', "0px");
+ $('toc_button').removeClass("open");
+ } else {
+ $('div.document').css('left', "230px");
+ $('#toc_button').addClass("open");
+ }
+ return $('#sphinxsidebar');
+ }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function () {
+ TOC.load();
+}); \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_closed.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_closed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e7f7bba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_closed.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_left.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_left.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d86be7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_left.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_open.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_open.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5d3bfdad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_open.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/underscore.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d8991434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Underscore.js 0.5.5
+// (c) 2009 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the terms of the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired by or borrowed from Prototype.js,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/
+(function(){var j=this,n=j._,i=function(a){this._wrapped=a},m=typeof StopIteration!=="undefined"?StopIteration:"__break__",b=j._=function(a){return new i(a)};if(typeof exports!=="undefined")exports._=b;var k=Array.prototype.slice,o=Array.prototype.unshift,p=Object.prototype.toString,q=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,r=Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable;b.VERSION="0.5.5";b.each=function(a,c,d){try{if(a.forEach)a.forEach(c,d);else if(b.isArray(a)||b.isArguments(a))for(var e=0,f=a.length;e<f;e++)c.call(d,
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+0};b.isElement=function(a){return!!(a&&a.nodeType==1)};b.isArray=function(a){return!!(a&&a.concat&&a.unshift)};b.isArguments=function(a){return a&&b.isNumber(a.length)&&!b.isArray(a)&&!r.call(a,"length")};b.isFunction=function(a){return!!(a&&a.constructor&&a.call&&a.apply)};b.isString=function(a){return!!(a===""||a&&a.charCodeAt&&a.substr)};b.isNumber=function(a){return p.call(a)==="[object Number]"};b.isDate=function(a){return!!(a&&a.getTimezoneOffset&&a.setUTCFullYear)};b.isRegExp=function(a){return!!(a&&
+a.test&&a.exec&&(a.ignoreCase||a.ignoreCase===false))};b.isNaN=function(a){return b.isNumber(a)&&isNaN(a)};b.isNull=function(a){return a===null};b.isUndefined=function(a){return typeof a=="undefined"};b.noConflict=function(){j._=n;return this};b.identity=function(a){return a};b.breakLoop=function(){throw m;};var s=0;b.uniqueId=function(a){var c=s++;return a?a+c:c};b.template=function(a,c){a=new Function("obj","var p=[],print=function(){p.push.apply(p,arguments);};with(obj){p.push('"+a.replace(/[\r\t\n]/g,
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+o.call(d,this._wrapped);return l(c.apply(b,d),this._chain)}});b.each(["pop","push","reverse","shift","sort","splice","unshift"],function(a){var c=Array.prototype[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){c.apply(this._wrapped,arguments);return l(this._wrapped,this._chain)}});b.each(["concat","join","slice"],function(a){var c=Array.prototype[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){return l(c.apply(this._wrapped,arguments),this._chain)}});i.prototype.chain=function(){this._chain=true;return this};i.prototype.value=function(){return this._wrapped}})();
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/changelog.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/changelog.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4b935d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/changelog.html
@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+
+ <title>CHANGELOG &mdash; Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title>
+
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+ URL_ROOT: '',
+ VERSION: '1.0.0',
+ COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+ FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+ HAS_SOURCE: true
+ };
+ </script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+ <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" />
+ <link rel="prev" title="Mock Library Comparison" href="compare.html" />
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <div class="related">
+ <h3>Navigation</h3>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+ <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+ accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+ <li class="right" >
+ <a href="compare.html" title="Mock Library Comparison"
+ accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+ <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> &raquo;</li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="document">
+ <div class="documentwrapper">
+ <div class="bodywrapper">
+ <div class="body">
+
+ <div class="section" id="changelog">
+<h1>CHANGELOG<a class="headerlink" href="#changelog" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0">
+<h2>2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>No changes since 1.0.0 beta 1. This version has feature parity with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a>
+in Python 3.3.</p>
+<p>Full list of changes since 0.8:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>mocksignature</cite>, along with the <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>, removed</li>
+<li>Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite>)</li>
+<li>Added the <cite>mock_open</cite> helper function for mocking the builtin <cite>open</cite></li>
+<li><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable, so a mock can pass an <cite>isinstance</cite> check without
+requiring a spec</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>PropertyMock</cite>, for mocking properties</li>
+<li><cite>MagicMocks</cite> made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+methods (other than equality and inequality) now return <cite>NotImplemented</cite></li>
+<li>Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of <cite>_patch</cite> by other
+libraries</li>
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> works with attributes present in results of <cite>dir</cite> that
+can&#8217;t be fetched from the object&#8217;s class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov</li>
+<li>Any exceptions in an iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> will be raised instead of
+returned</li>
+<li>In Python 3, <cite>create_autospec</cite> now supports keyword only arguments</li>
+<li>Added <cite>patch.stopall</cite> method to stop all active patches created by <cite>start</cite></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>MagicMock.reset_mock</cite> wouldn&#8217;t reset magic method mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>reset_mock</cite> on a <cite>MagicMock</cite> created with autospec could
+raise an exception</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (<cite>spec</cite> , <cite>spec_set</cite> and
+<cite>autospec</cite>) had unpredictable results, now it is an error</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec=True</cite> <em>and</em> <cite>create=True</cite> as arguments to patchers could
+result in using <cite>DEFAULT</cite> as the spec. Now it is an error instead</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>autospec</cite> arguments to patchers, along with
+<cite>spec_set=True</cite> did not work correctly</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: a list as the <cite>spec</cite> argument to a patcher would always result in a
+non-callable mock. Now if <cite>__call__</cite> is in the spec the mock is callable</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-beta-1">
+<h2>2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added <cite>patch.stopall</cite> method to stop all active patches created by <cite>start</cite></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>MagicMock.reset_mock</cite> wouldn&#8217;t reset magic method mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>reset_mock</cite> on a <cite>MagicMock</cite> created with autospec could
+raise an exception</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-alpha-2">
+<h2>2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>PropertyMock</cite> attributes are now standard <cite>MagicMocks</cite></li>
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> works with attributes present in results of <cite>dir</cite> that
+can&#8217;t be fetched from the object&#8217;s class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov</li>
+<li>Any exceptions in an iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> will be raised instead of
+returned</li>
+<li>In Python 3, <cite>create_autospec</cite> now supports keyword only arguments</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-alpha-1">
+<h2>2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The standard library version!</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>mocksignature</cite>, along with the <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>, removed</li>
+<li>Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite>)</li>
+<li>Added the <cite>mock_open</cite> helper function for mocking the builtin <cite>open</cite></li>
+<li><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable, so a mock can pass an <cite>isinstance</cite> check without
+requiring a spec</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>PropertyMock</cite>, for mocking properties</li>
+<li><cite>MagicMocks</cite> made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+methods (other than equality and inequality) now return <cite>NotImplemented</cite></li>
+<li>Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of <cite>_patch</cite> by other
+libraries</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (<cite>spec</cite> , <cite>spec_set</cite> and
+<cite>autospec</cite>) had unpredictable results, now it is an error</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec=True</cite> <em>and</em> <cite>create=True</cite> as arguments to patchers could
+result in using <cite>DEFAULT</cite> as the spec. Now it is an error instead</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>autospec</cite> arguments to patchers, along with
+<cite>spec_set=True</cite> did not work correctly</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: a list as the <cite>spec</cite> argument to a patcher would always result in a
+non-callable mock. Now if <cite>__call__</cite> is in the spec the mock is callable</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0">
+<h2>2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The only changes since 0.8rc2 are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Improved repr of <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> objects</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a> can be used for comparisons against <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects</li>
+<li>The return value of <cite>MagicMock.__iter__</cite> method can be set to
+any iterable and isn&#8217;t required to be an iterator</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Full List of changes since 0.7:</p>
+<p>mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> list for <em>all</em> calls (including magic
+methods and chained calls)</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a> now create a <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>
+instead of a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> by default</li>
+<li>The patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>), plus <cite>Mock</cite> and
+<cite>MagicMock</cite>, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration</li>
+<li>New mock method <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> for setting attributes and
+return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes</li>
+<li>New mock assert methods <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_any_call()</span></tt></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a></li>
+<li>Implemented <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a> (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with
+mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to
+<cite>patch</cite></li>
+<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function for manually creating
+&#8216;auto-specced&#8217; mocks</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.multiple" title="mock.patch.multiple"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.multiple()</span></tt></a> for doing multiple patches in a single call, using
+keyword arguments</li>
+<li>Setting <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to an iterable will cause calls to the mock
+to return the next value from the iterable</li>
+<li>New <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> allowing you to
+pass in a class or callable object (instead of <cite>MagicMock</cite>) that will be
+called to replace the object being patched</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a>, mocks
+without a <cite>__call__</cite> method</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_add_spec()</span></tt></a> method for adding (or changing) a
+spec on an existing mock</li>
+<li>Protocol methods on <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> are magic mocks, and are created
+lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is
+a <cite>MagicMock</cite> instead of a <cite>Mock</cite> as it was previously</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> method</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a> for ignoring arguments in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a>
+calls</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> helper object</li>
+<li>Improved repr for mocks</li>
+<li>Improved repr for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.call_args</span></tt></a> and entries in
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.call_args_list</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.method_calls</span></tt></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.mock_calls</span></tt></a></li>
+<li>Improved repr for <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> objects</li>
+<li><cite>patch</cite> lookup is done at use time not at decoration time</li>
+<li>In Python 2.6 or more recent, <cite>dir</cite> on a mock will report all the dynamically
+created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+well as all the mock methods and attributes.</li>
+<li>Module level <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> added to control whether <cite>dir(mock)</cite> filters
+private attributes. <cite>True</cite> by default.</li>
+<li><cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+used to decorate a class</li>
+<li>Support for using Java exceptions as a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> on Jython</li>
+<li><cite>Mock</cite> call lists (<cite>call_args_list</cite>, <cite>method_calls</cite> &amp; <cite>mock_calls</cite>) are now
+custom list objects that allow membership tests for &#8220;sub lists&#8221; and have
+a nicer representation if you <cite>str</cite> or <cite>print</cite> them</li>
+<li>Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+recorded in <cite>method_calls</cite> and <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent (unless a name is
+already set on the child)</li>
+<li>Improved failure messages for <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and
+<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite></li>
+<li>The return value of the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> <cite>__iter__</cite> method can be set to
+any iterable and isn&#8217;t required to be an iterator</li>
+<li>Added the Mock API (<cite>assert_called_with</cite> etc) to functions created by
+<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature()</span></tt></li>
+<li>Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for <cite>spec</cite> &amp;
+<cite>spec_set</cite> arguments</li>
+<li>Calling <cite>stop</cite> on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error
+message</li>
+<li>Renamed the internal classes <cite>Sentinel</cite> and <cite>SentinelObject</cite> to prevent abuse</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won&#8217;t leave
+patches in place</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>__truediv__</cite> and <cite>__rtruediv__</cite> not available as magic methods on
+mocks in Python 3</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>assert_called_with</cite> / <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> can be used with
+<cite>self</cite> as a keyword argument</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+boolean) it applies &#8220;spec inheritance&#8221; to the return value of the created
+mock (the &#8220;instance&#8221;)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: remove the <cite>__unittest</cite> marker causing traceback truncation</li>
+<li>Removal of deprecated <cite>patch_object</cite></li>
+<li>Private attributes <cite>_name</cite>, <cite>_methods</cite>, &#8216;_children&#8217;, <cite>_wraps</cite> and <cite>_parent</cite>
+(etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.</li>
+<li>Added license file to the distribution</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">
+<h2>2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Removed the <cite>configure</cite> keyword argument to <cite>create_autospec</cite> and allow
+arbitrary keyword arguments (for the <cite>Mock</cite> constructor) instead</li>
+<li>Fixed <cite>ANY</cite> equality with some types in <cite>assert_called_with</cite> calls</li>
+<li>Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">readthedocs.org</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">
+<h2>2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> on the return value of a mocked class will use <cite>__call__</cite>
+for the signature rather than <cite>__init__</cite></li>
+<li>Performance improvement instantiating <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>MagicMock</cite></li>
+<li>Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of
+being hardcoded to <cite>MagicMock</cite></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving
+performance in this release.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-4">
+<h2>2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>patch</cite> lookup is done at use time not at decoration time</li>
+<li>When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded
+in mock_calls</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>attach_mock</cite> method</li>
+<li>Renamed the internal classes <cite>Sentinel</cite> and <cite>SentinelObject</cite> to prevent abuse</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock
+return value to be itself etc)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-3">
+<h2>2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+recorded in <cite>method_calls</cite> and <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent (unless a name is
+already set on the child)</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>mock_add_spec</cite> method for adding (or changing) a spec on an
+existing mock</li>
+<li>Improved repr for <cite>Mock.call_args</cite> and entries in <cite>Mock.call_args_list</cite>,
+<cite>Mock.method_calls</cite> and <cite>Mock.mock_calls</cite></li>
+<li>Improved repr for mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way <cite>mock_calls</cite> is worked out,
+especially for &#8220;intermediate&#8221; mocks in a call chain</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-2">
+<h2>2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return
+the next value from the iterable</li>
+<li>Added <cite>assert_any_call</cite> method</li>
+<li>Moved <cite>assert_has_calls</cite> from call lists onto mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>call_args</cite> and all members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are two tuples of
+<cite>(args, kwargs)</cite> again instead of three tuples of <cite>(name, args, kwargs)</cite></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-1">
+<h2>2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+used to decorate a class</li>
+<li><cite>Mock</cite> call lists (<cite>call_args_list</cite>, <cite>method_calls</cite> &amp; <cite>mock_calls</cite>) are now
+custom list objects that allow membership tests for &#8220;sub lists&#8221; and have
+an <cite>assert_has_calls</cite> method for unordered call checks</li>
+<li><cite>callargs</cite> changed to <em>always</em> be a three-tuple of <cite>(name, args, kwargs)</cite></li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>mock_calls</cite> list for <em>all</em> calls (including magic methods and
+chained calls)</li>
+<li>Extension of <cite>call</cite> object to support chained calls and <cite>callargs</cite> for better
+comparisons with or without names. <cite>call</cite> object has a <cite>call_list</cite> method for
+chained calls</li>
+<li>Added the public <cite>instance</cite> argument to <cite>create_autospec</cite></li>
+<li>Support for using Java exceptions as a <cite>side_effect</cite> on Jython</li>
+<li>Improved failure messages for <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and
+<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite></li>
+<li>Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for <cite>spec</cite> &amp;
+<cite>spec_set</cite> arguments</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: Fixed bug in <cite>patch.multiple</cite> for argument passing when creating
+mocks</li>
+<li>Added license file to the distribution</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-alpha-2">
+<h2>2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>patch.multiple</cite> for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword
+arguments</li>
+<li>New <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> allowing you to
+pass in a class or callable object (instead of <cite>MagicMock</cite>) that will be
+called to replace the object being patched</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>NonCallableMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite>, mocks without a
+<cite>__call__</cite> method</li>
+<li>Mocks created by <cite>patch</cite> have a <cite>MagicMock</cite> as the <cite>return_value</cite> where a
+class is being patched</li>
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects.
+<cite>return_value</cite> mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has
+a <cite>__call__</cite> method</li>
+<li><cite>autospec</cite> creates a <cite>MagicMock</cite> without a spec for properties and slot
+descriptors, because we don&#8217;t know the type of object they return</li>
+<li>Removed the &#8220;inherit&#8221; argument from <cite>create_autospec</cite></li>
+<li>Calling <cite>stop</cite> on an unstarted patcher fails with a more meaningful error
+message</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won&#8217;t leave
+patches in place</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>__truediv__</cite> and <cite>__rtruediv__</cite> not available as magic methods on
+mocks in Python 3</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>assert_called_with</cite> / <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> can be used with
+<cite>self</cite> as a keyword argument</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that
+isn&#8217;t the first argument no longer broken</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+boolean) it applies &#8220;spec inheritance&#8221; to the return value of the created
+mock (the &#8220;instance&#8221;)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: remove the <cite>__unittest</cite> marker causing traceback truncation</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-alpha-1">
+<h2>2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">The patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>), plus <cite>Mock</cite> and
+<cite>MagicMock</cite>, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">New mock method <cite>configure_mock</cite> for setting attributes and return values /
+side effects on the mock and its attributes</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">In Python 2.6 or more recent, <cite>dir</cite> on a mock will report all the dynamically
+created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+well as all the mock methods and attributes.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Module level <cite>FILTER_DIR</cite> added to control whether <cite>dir(mock)</cite> filters
+private attributes. <cite>True</cite> by default. Note that <cite>vars(Mock())</cite> can still be
+used to get all instance attributes and <cite>dir(type(Mock())</cite> will still return
+all the other attributes (irrespective of <cite>FILTER_DIR</cite>)</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> now create a <cite>MagicMock</cite> instead of a <cite>Mock</cite> by
+default</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added <cite>ANY</cite> for ignoring arguments in <cite>assert_called_with</cite> calls</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Addition of <cite>call</cite> helper object</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Protocol methods on <cite>MagicMock</cite> are magic mocks, and are created lazily on
+first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a
+MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added the Mock API (<cite>assert_called_with</cite> etc) to functions created by
+<cite>mocksignature</cite></p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Private attributes <cite>_name</cite>, <cite>_methods</cite>, &#8216;_children&#8217;, <cite>_wraps</cite> and <cite>_parent</cite>
+(etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked
+signatures for functions/methods)</p>
+<p>Limitations:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Doesn&#8217;t mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the
+magic methods are <em>there</em>, they just don&#8217;t have the signature mocked nor
+are attributes followed)</li>
+<li>Doesn&#8217;t mock function / method attributes</li>
+<li>Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so
+properties etc may be triggered</li>
+<li>The return value of mocked classes (the &#8216;instance&#8217;) has the same call
+signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You create auto-specced mocks by passing <cite>autospec=True</cite> to <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
+<p>Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a
+spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is
+typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other
+type, and as we don&#8217;t know what type that may be we allow all access.</p>
+<p>Note that the <cite>autospec</cite> option to <cite>patch</cite> obsoletes the <cite>mocksignature</cite>
+option.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added the <cite>create_autospec</cite> function for manually creating &#8216;auto-specced&#8217;
+mocks</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Removal of deprecated <cite>patch_object</cite></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-2">
+<h2>2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the
+default equality / inequality. This is done through a <cite>side_effect</cite> on
+the mocks used for <cite>__eq__</cite> / <cite>__ne__</cite></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-1">
+<h2>2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Include template in package</li>
+<li>Use isolated binaries for the tox tests</li>
+<li>Unset executable bit on docs</li>
+<li>Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0">
+<h2>2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish
+new <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/">Sphinx theme</a>.</p>
+<p>The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Python 3 compatibility</li>
+<li>Ability to mock magic methods with <cite>Mock</cite> and addition of <cite>MagicMock</cite>
+with pre-created magic methods</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>mocksignature</cite> and <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and
+<cite>patch.object</cite></li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>patch.dict</cite> for changing dictionaries during a test</li>
+<li>Ability to use <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> as class decorators</li>
+<li>Renamed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> to <cite>patch.object</cite> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> is
+deprecated)</li>
+<li>Addition of soft comparisons: <cite>call_args</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite>
+now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+or kwargs are skipped</li>
+<li>patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>) have start and stop
+methods</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> method</li>
+<li>Mocks can now be named (<cite>name</cite> argument to constructor) and the name is used
+in the repr</li>
+<li>repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec</li>
+<li><cite>assert_called_with</cite> works with <cite>python -OO</cite></li>
+<li>New <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword argument to <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>patch</cite>. If used,
+attempting to <em>set</em> an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite></li>
+<li>Mocks created with a spec can now pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests (<cite>__class__</cite>
+returns the type of the spec)</li>
+<li>Added docstrings to all objects</li>
+<li>Improved failure message for <cite>Mock.assert_called_with</cite> when the mock
+has not been called at all</li>
+<li>Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and <cite>__module__</cite>
+preserved on Python 2.4.</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mock.patch</cite> now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+proxy attribute access, like the django settings object</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>spec=True</cite> works with old style classes</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help(mock)</span></tt> works now (on the module). Can no longer use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></tt>
+as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> now works with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></tt> exceptions like
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>reset_mock</cite> caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+return value</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly</li>
+<li>with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4</li>
+<li>Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run</li>
+<li>Tested with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox">tox</a> on Python 2.4 - 3.2,
+jython and pypy (excluding 3.0)</li>
+<li>Added &#8216;build_sphinx&#8217; command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+Thanks to Florian Bauer</li>
+<li>Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/">Konrad Delong</a> added as co-maintainer</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-rc-1">
+<h2>2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-rc-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Changes since beta 4:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1</li>
+<li>Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and <cite>__module__</cite>
+preserved on Python 2.4</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mock.patch</cite> now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+proxy attribute access, like the django settings object</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>reset_mock</cite> caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+return value</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-4">
+<h2>2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>) have start and stop
+methods</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> method</li>
+<li>repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec</li>
+<li><cite>assert_called_with</cite> works with <cite>python -OO</cite></li>
+<li>New <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword argument to <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>patch</cite>. If used,
+attempting to <em>set</em> an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite></li>
+<li>Attributes and return value of a <cite>MagicMock</cite> are <cite>MagicMock</cite> objects</li>
+<li>Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an <cite>AttributeError</cite></li>
+<li><cite>patch.dict</cite> works as a class decorator</li>
+<li>Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>spec=True</cite> works with old style classes</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mocksignature=True</cite> can now patch instance methods via
+<cite>patch.object</cite></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-3">
+<h2>2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Using spec with <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> only pre-creates magic methods in the spec</li>
+<li>Setting a magic method on a mock with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spec</span></tt> can only be done if the
+spec has that method</li>
+<li>Mocks can now be named (<cite>name</cite> argument to constructor) and the name is used
+in the repr</li>
+<li><cite>mocksignature</cite> can now be used with classes (signature based on <cite>__init__</cite>)
+and callable objects (signature based on <cite>__call__</cite>)</li>
+<li>Mocks created with a spec can now pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests (<cite>__class__</cite>
+returns the type of the spec)</li>
+<li>Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the
+MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False)</li>
+<li>Improved failure message for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> when the mock
+has not been called at all</li>
+<li>Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods:<ul>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getformat__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setformat__</span></tt></li>
+<li>pickle methods</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__trunc__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ceil__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floor__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Added &#8216;build_sphinx&#8217; command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+Thanks to Florian Bauer</li>
+<li>with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4</li>
+<li>Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7</li>
+<li>Improved several docstrings and documentation</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-2">
+<h2>2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> works as a context manager as well as a decorator</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict</span></tt> takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary
+object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict</span></tt> restores dictionary even when an exception is raised</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-1">
+<h2>2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Addition of <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature()</span></tt></li>
+<li>Ability to mock magic methods</li>
+<li>Ability to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object</span></tt> as class decorators</li>
+<li>Renamed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> to <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> is
+deprecated)</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class with all magic methods pre-created for you</li>
+<li>Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 &amp; 3.1 as
+well)</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for changing dictionaries during a test</li>
+<li>Addition of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature</span></tt> argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help(mock)</span></tt> works now (on the module). Can no longer use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></tt>
+as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>Addition of soft comparisons: <cite>call_args</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite>
+now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+or kwargs are skipped</li>
+<li>Added docstrings.</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> now works with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></tt> exceptions like
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly</li>
+<li>The tests now require <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a>
+to run</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/">Konrad Delong</a> added as co-maintainer</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-6-0">
+<h2>2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-6-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>New test layout compatible with test discovery</li>
+<li>Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and
+restored correctly</li>
+<li>Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> to an
+exception class or instance</li>
+<li>Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if
+an explicit return_value is set</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-5-0">
+<h2>2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-5-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Made DEFAULT part of the public api.</li>
+<li>Documentation built with Sphinx.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and
+if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.return_value</span></tt>.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wraps</span></tt> keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object).</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.reset</span></tt> renamed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.reset_mock</span></tt>, as reset is a common API name.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> / <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> are now context managers and can be used with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>.</li>
+<li>A new &#8216;create&#8217; keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch
+(and unpatch) attributes that don&#8217;t exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow
+you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn&#8217;t exist - use at
+your own risk!)</li>
+<li>The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec
+argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from.</li>
+<li>Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed
+in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix.</li>
+<li>patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is
+passed in as &#8216;True&#8217; then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing
+as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return
+value for the mock will also use the class as a spec.</li>
+<li>A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes
+(they will raise an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt> instead).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-4-0">
+<h2>2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-4-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Default return value is now a new mock rather than None</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">New method &#8216;assert_called_with&#8217;</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added &#8216;side_effect&#8217; attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">patch decorator split into two decorators:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> which takes an object and an attribute name to patch
+(plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object)</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form
+&#8216;package.module.Class.attribute&#8217;. (plus optionally a value to
+patch with which defaults to a mock object)</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Can now patch objects with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets
+call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and
+the return value if it is a mock).</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-3-1">
+<h2>2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-3-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose
+test autodiscovery.</p>
+<p>Tests decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> that use the two argument form (implicit mock
+creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments.</p>
+<p>Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-3-0">
+<h2>2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-3-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Removed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> can now take a string as the first
+argument for patching modules.</p>
+<p>The third argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> is optional - a mock will be created by
+default if it is not passed in.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-2-1">
+<h2>2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-2-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-2-0">
+<h2>2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-2-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spec</span></tt> keyword argument for creating <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> objects from a
+specification object.</p>
+<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt> monkey patching decorators.</p>
+<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt> for convenient access to unique objects.</p>
+<p>Distribution includes unit tests.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-1-0">
+<h2>2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Initial release.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="todo-and-limitations">
+<h1>TODO and Limitations<a class="headerlink" href="#todo-and-limitations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed!</p>
+<p>Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue tracker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p><cite>wraps</cite> is not integrated with magic methods.</p>
+<p><cite>patch</cite> could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the
+destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be
+unsafe for IronPython &amp; PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors).
+Destructors aren&#8217;t called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak
+reference with a callback can be used to get round this.</p>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects
+that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods
+that <em>hide</em> these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these
+attributes are renamed to gain a <cite>_mock</cite> prefix, making it less likely that
+they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven&#8217;t been modified with
+the prefix should be changed.</p>
+<p>If a patch is started using <cite>patch.start</cite> and then not stopped correctly then
+the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to
+detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This
+would be tricky to get right though.</p>
+<p>When a <cite>Mock</cite> is created by <cite>patch</cite>, arbitrary keywords can be used to set
+attributes. If <cite>patch</cite> is created with a <cite>spec</cite>, and is replacing a class, then
+a <cite>return_value</cite> mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the
+child mock, but could be.</p>
+<p>When mocking a class with <cite>patch</cite>, passing in <cite>spec=True</cite> or <cite>autospec=True</cite>,
+the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the
+default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec
+from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword
+argument (<cite>inherit</cite>) to the Mock constructor? <cite>create_autospec</cite> does this, so
+an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary.</p>
+<p>The <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> with a non <cite>Mock</cite> passed into
+<cite>new_callable</cite> will <em>probably</em> cause an error. Should it just be invalid?</p>
+<p>Note that <cite>NonCallableMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite> still have the unused
+(and unusable) attributes: <cite>return_value</cite>, <cite>side_effect</cite>, <cite>call_count</cite>,
+<cite>call_args</cite> and <cite>call_args_list</cite>. These could be removed or raise errors on
+getting / setting. They also have the <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and
+<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> methods. Removing these would be pointless as
+fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without
+error.</p>
+<p>Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function
+signatures was copied and modified from <cite>mocksignature</cite>. This could all be
+refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if
+patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a <cite>patch.multiple</cite>
+call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should
+be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a
+module.)</p>
+<p>Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to <cite>create_autospec</cite>, or <cite>patch</cite> with
+<cite>autospec</cite>, when mocking a <em>function</em> works fine. However, the arbitrary
+attributes are set on the created mock - but <cite>create_autospec</cite> returns a
+real function (which doesn&#8217;t have those attributes). However, what is the use
+case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don&#8217;t exist
+on the original?</p>
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite>, plus the <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite> attributes of
+<cite>Mock</cite> could all be deprecated.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">CHANGELOG</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="compare.html"
+ title="previous chapter">Mock Library Comparison</a></p>
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+
+ <div class="section" id="mock-library-comparison">
+<h1>Mock Library Comparison<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-library-comparison" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and
+some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.</p>
+<p>These are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock">flexmock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox">mox</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://niemeyer.net/mocker">Mocker</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus">dingus</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge">fudge</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock">MiniMock</a>.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pmock.sourceforge.net/">pMock</a> (last release 2004 and doesn&#8217;t import
+in recent versions of Python) and
+<a class="reference external" href="http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/">python-mock</a> (last release 2005) are
+intentionally omitted.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock
+examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this
+comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:</p>
+<ul class="last simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Python Mock Library Comparison</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic
+for all the libraries represented. <em>Please</em> contribute corrections, missing
+comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue
+tracker</a>.</p>
+<p>This comparison page was originally created by the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison">Mox project</a> and then extended for
+<a class="reference external" href="http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html">flexmock and mock</a> by
+Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by <a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Gary Bernhadt</a>. fudge examples
+provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://farmdev.com/">Kumar McMillan</a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking
+<em>framework</em> rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally
+exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make
+harder. In particular you can take a <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> object and use
+it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also
+true for Dingus.</p>
+<p class="last">The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="simple-fake-object">
+<h2>Simple fake object<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-fake-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="simple-mock">
+<h2>Simple mock<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-partial-mocks">
+<h2>Creating partial mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-partial-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Get</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;fudge-value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patched_context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fake</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;fudge-value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">
+<h2>Ensure calls are made in specific order<a class="headerlink" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method1()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method2()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order</span><span class="p">():</span>
+ <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+ <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+ <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+ <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remember_order</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected</span>: <span class="n">#1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions">
+<h2>Raising exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndRaise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">throw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exception_raiser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">)))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">SomeException</span>: <span class="n">message</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="override-new-instances-of-a-class">
+<h2>Override new instances of a class<a class="headerlink" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somemodule.Someclass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_other_object</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Someclass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_instances</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="c"># (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mox</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StubOutWithMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">use_mock_anything</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">klass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">klass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;expected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somemodule.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somemodule.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="call-the-same-method-multiple-times">
+<h2>Call the same method multiple times<a class="headerlink" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You don&#8217;t need to do <em>any</em> configuration to call <cite>mock.Mock()</cite> methods
+multiple times. Attributes like <cite>call_count</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and
+<cite>method_calls</cite> provide various different ways of making assertions about
+how the mock was used.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.some_method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.some_method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">at_least</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">twice</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="c"># (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="c"># (TODO)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mock-chained-methods">
+<h2>Mock chained methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-chained-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="c"># (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects</span>
+<span class="c"># and can be called with any arguments)</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span>
+ <span class="s">&#39;method1.method2.method3&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VerifyAll</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="c"># (TODO)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;()&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_fake</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-a-context-manager">
+<h2>Mocking a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are &quot;magic mocks&quot;)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;()&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__enter__&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__exit__&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">
+<h2>Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Example for mock only (so far):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>or</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">file_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">file_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;()&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">contextmanager</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@contextmanager</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fake_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sekrets&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fake_file</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/etc/password&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">fake:__builtin__.open</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;sekrets&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+
+ <div class="section" id="further-examples">
+<span id="id1"></span><h1>Further Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#further-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>For comprehensive examples, see the unit tests included in the full source
+distribution.</p>
+<p>Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#getting-started"><em>getting started</em></a> guide.</p>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-chained-calls">
+<h2>Mocking chained calls<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-chained-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Mocking chained calls is actually straightforward with mock once you
+understand the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute. When a mock is called for
+the first time, or you fetch its <cite>return_value</cite> before it has been called, a
+new <cite>Mock</cite> is created.</p>
+<p>This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked
+object has been used by interrogating the <cite>return_value</cite> mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock().foo()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about
+chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more
+testable way in the first place...</p>
+<p>So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BackendProvider</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_endpoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_call</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="c"># more code</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Assuming that <cite>BackendProvider</cite> is already well tested, how do we test
+<cite>method()</cite>? Specifically, we want to test that the code section <cite># more
+code</cite> uses the response object in the correct way.</p>
+<p>As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch
+the <cite>backend</cite> attribute on a <cite>Something</cite> instance. In this particular case
+we are only interested in the return value from the final call to
+<cite>start_call</cite> so we don&#8217;t have much configuration to do. Let&#8217;s assume the
+object it returns is &#8216;file-like&#8217;, so we&#8217;ll ensure that our response object
+uses the builtin <cite>file</cite> as its <cite>spec</cite>.</p>
+<p>To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock
+response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final
+<cite>start_call</cite> we could do this:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response</cite>.</div></blockquote>
+<p>We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a>
+method to directly set the return value for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock_response</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With these we monkey patch the &#8220;mock backend&#8221; in place and can make the real
+call:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock_backend</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> we can check the chained call with a single
+assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be
+several entries in <cite>mock_calls</cite>. We can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call.call_list" title="mock.call.call_list"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">call.call_list()</span></tt></a> to create
+this list of calls for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">chained</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_endpoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_call</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">call_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">chained</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mock_backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">call_list</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="partial-mocking">
+<h2>Partial mocking<a class="headerlink" href="#partial-mocking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today">datetime.date.today()</a> to return
+a known date, but I didn&#8217;t want to prevent the code under test from
+creating new date objects. Unfortunately <cite>datetime.date</cite> is written in C, and
+so I couldn&#8217;t just monkey-patch out the static <cite>date.today</cite> method.</p>
+<p>I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date
+class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real
+class (and returning real instances).</p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span> <span class="pre">decorator</span></tt></a> is used here to
+mock out the <cite>date</cite> class in the module under test. The <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>
+attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns
+a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be
+constructed and returned by <cite>side_effect</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">date</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2010</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2010</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2009</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2009</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that we don&#8217;t patch <cite>datetime.date</cite> globally, we patch <cite>date</cite> in the
+module that <em>uses</em> it. See <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
+<p>When <cite>date.today()</cite> is called a known date is returned, but calls to the
+<cite>date(...)</cite> constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find
+yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same
+algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern.</p>
+<p>Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the <cite>mock_date</cite> attributes
+(<cite>call_count</cite> and friends) which may also be useful for your tests.</p>
+<p>An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes,
+is discussed in <a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">this blog entry</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-a-generator-method">
+<h2>Mocking a Generator Method<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-generator-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A Python generator is a function or method that uses the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">yield statement</a> to
+return a series of values when iterated over <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id2">[1]</a>.</p>
+<p>A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is
+the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for
+iteration is <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__">__iter__</a>, so we can
+mock this using a <cite>MagicMock</cite>.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s an example class with an &#8220;iter&#8221; method implemented as a generator:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">i</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">[1, 2, 3]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>How would we mock this class, and in particular its &#8220;iter&#8221; method?</p>
+<p>To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to
+<cite>list</cite>), we need to configure the object returned by the call to <cite>foo.iter()</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">[1, 2, 3]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>There are also generator expressions and more <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html">advanced uses</a> of generators, but we aren&#8217;t
+concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how
+powerful they are is: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/">Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers</a>.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">
+<h2>Applying the same patch to every test method<a class="headerlink" href="#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way
+is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary
+repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use <cite>patch</cite> (in all its
+various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test
+methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start
+with <cite>test</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">not_a_test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;something&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_one&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_one</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_two</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">not_a_test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;something&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An alternative way of managing patches is to use the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#start-and-stop"><em>patch methods: start and stop</em></a>.
+These allow you to move the patching into your <cite>setUp</cite> and <cite>tearDown</cite> methods.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is &#8220;undone&#8221; by
+calling <cite>stop</cite>. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> cleanup functions make this simpler:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-unbound-methods">
+<h2>Mocking Unbound Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-unbound-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an <em>unbound method</em> (patching the
+method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed
+in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects
+were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can&#8217;t patch with a
+mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn&#8217;t
+become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn&#8217;t get
+self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real
+function instead. The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator makes it so simple to
+patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a
+nuisance.</p>
+<p>If you pass <cite>autospec=True</cite> to patch then it does the patching with a
+<em>real</em> function object. This function object has the same signature as the one
+it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your
+mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is
+that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked
+function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance.
+It will have <cite>self</cite> passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I
+wanted:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autospec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If we don&#8217;t use <cite>autospec=True</cite> then the unbound method is patched out
+with a Mock instance instead, and isn&#8217;t called with <cite>self</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">
+<h2>Checking multiple calls with mock<a class="headerlink" href="#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If your mock is only being called once you can use the
+<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt> method that also asserts that the
+<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_count</span></tt> is one.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Both <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> make assertions about
+the <em>most recent</em> call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and
+you want to make assertions about <em>all</em> those calls you can use
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You
+can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to <cite>call_args_list</cite>. This
+looks remarkably similar to the repr of the <cite>call_args_list</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="coping-with-mutable-arguments">
+<h2>Coping with mutable arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#coping-with-mutable-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with
+mutable arguments. <cite>call_args</cite> and <cite>call_args_list</cite> store <em>references</em> to the
+arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no
+longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions
+defined in &#8216;mymodule&#8217;:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">frob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
+ <span class="k">pass</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
+ <span class="s">&quot;First frob and then clear val&quot;</span>
+ <span class="n">frob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="n">val</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When we try to test that <cite>grob</cite> calls <cite>frob</cite> with the correct argument look
+what happens:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.frob&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">val</span>
+<span class="go">set([])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">((set([6]),), {})</span>
+<span class="go">Called with: ((set([]),), {})</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This
+could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity
+for equality.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s one solution that uses the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>
+functionality. If you provide a <cite>side_effect</cite> function for a mock then
+<cite>side_effect</cite> will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an
+opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this
+example I&#8217;m using <em>another</em> mock to store the arguments so that I can use the
+mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for
+me.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">copy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">copy_call_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.frob&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">copy_call_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call(set([6]))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>copy_call_args</cite> is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new
+mock that we do the assertion on. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function makes a copy of
+the args and calls our <cite>new_mock</cite> with the copy.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of
+checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the
+checking inside a <cite>side_effect</cite> function.</p>
+<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>An alternative approach is to create a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> that
+copies (using <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy">copy.deepcopy</a>) the arguments.
+Here&#8217;s an example implementation:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">copy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected call</span>: <span class="n">mock(set([1]))</span>
+<span class="go">Actual call: mock(set([]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;CopyingMock name=&#39;mock.foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you subclass <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> all dynamically created attributes,
+and the <cite>return_value</cite> will use your subclass automatically. That means all
+children of a <cite>CopyingMock</cite> will also have the type <cite>CopyingMock</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">
+<h2>Raising exceptions on attribute access<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.PropertyMock" title="mock.PropertyMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PropertyMock</span></tt></a> to mimic the behaviour of properties. This
+includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s an example raising a <cite>ValueError</cite> when the &#8216;foo&#8217; attribute is accessed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; m = MagicMock()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; type(m).foo = p
+&gt;&gt;&gt; m.foo
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+....
+ValueError</pre>
+</div>
+<p>Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock
+class you&#8217;re using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can
+safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact)
+to <cite>type(mock)</cite> without affecting other mock objects.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="multiple-calls-with-different-effects">
+<h2>Multiple calls with different effects<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-calls-with-different-effects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> was changed. Any
+exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the
+test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise
+an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second
+call (testing retry behaviour).</p>
+<p>One approach is to use a <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> function that replaces itself. The
+first time it is called the <cite>side_effect</cite> sets a new <cite>side_effect</cite> that will
+be used for the second call. It then raises an exception:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">second_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;response&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">second_call</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;boom&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">boom</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;response&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the
+return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">returns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;boom&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">&#39;response&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">returns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">boom</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;response&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually
+a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="nesting-patches">
+<h2>Nesting Patches<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-patches" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you
+can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the
+right:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Spam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bar</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Spam</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> <cite>cleanup</cite> functions and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#start-and-stop"><em>patch methods: start and stop</em></a> we can
+achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper
+method, <cite>create_patch</cite>, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock
+for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">thing</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Spam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bar</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Spam</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">
+<h2>Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all
+access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary.</p>
+<p>We can do this with <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>, which will behave like a dictionary,
+and using <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to delegate dictionary access to a real
+underlying dictionary that is under our control.</p>
+<p>When the <cite>__getitem__</cite> and <cite>__setitem__</cite> methods of our <cite>MagicMock</cite> are called
+(normal dictionary access) then <cite>side_effect</cite> is called with the key (and in
+the case of <cite>__setitem__</cite> the value too). We can also control what is returned.</p>
+<p>After the <cite>MagicMock</cite> has been used we can use attributes like
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a> to assert about how the dictionary was used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getitem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">my_dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setitem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">my_dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getitem</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">setitem</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>An alternative to using <cite>MagicMock</cite> is to use <cite>Mock</cite> and <em>only</em> provide
+the magic methods you specifically want:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getitem</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">setitem</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A <em>third</em> option is to use <cite>MagicMock</cite> but passing in <cite>dict</cite> as the <cite>spec</cite>
+(or <cite>spec_set</cite>) argument so that the <cite>MagicMock</cite> created only has
+dictionary magic methods available:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getitem</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">setitem</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>With these side effect functions in place, the <cite>mock</cite> will behave like a normal
+dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a <cite>KeyError</cite> if you try
+to access a key that doesn&#8217;t exist.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;d&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal
+mock methods and attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(&#39;a&#39;), call(&#39;c&#39;), call(&#39;d&#39;), call(&#39;b&#39;), call(&#39;d&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(&#39;b&#39;, &#39;fish&#39;), call(&#39;d&#39;, &#39;eggs&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dict</span>
+<span class="go">{&#39;a&#39;: 1, &#39;c&#39;: 3, &#39;b&#39;: &#39;fish&#39;, &#39;d&#39;: &#39;eggs&#39;}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">
+<h2>Mock subclasses and their attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are various reasons why you might want to subclass <cite>Mock</cite>. One reason
+might be to add helper methods. Here&#8217;s a silly example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">has_been_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MyMock id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The standard behaviour for <cite>Mock</cite> instances is that attributes and the return
+value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures
+that <cite>Mock</cite> attributes are <cite>Mocks</cite> and <cite>MagicMock</cite> attributes are <cite>MagicMocks</cite>
+<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id4">[2]</a>. So if you&#8217;re subclassing to add helper methods then they&#8217;ll also be
+available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your
+subclass.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MyMock name=&#39;mock.foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MyMock name=&#39;mock.foo()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105">one user</a> is subclassing mock to
+created a <a class="reference external" href="http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html">Twisted adaptor</a>.
+Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.</p>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> (in all its flavours) uses a method called <cite>_get_child_mock</cite> to create
+these &#8220;sub-mocks&#8221; for attributes and return values. You can prevent your
+subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is
+that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (<cite>**kwargs</cite>) which are then passed
+onto the mock constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Subclass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_get_child_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id5" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">[2]</a></td><td>An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the
+callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn&#8217;t have callable
+methods.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">
+<h2>Mocking imports with patch.dict<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside
+a function. These are harder to mock because they aren&#8217;t using an object from
+the module namespace that we can patch out.</p>
+<p>Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent
+circular dependencies, for which there is <em>usually</em> a much better way to solve
+the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent &#8220;up front costs&#8221; by delaying the
+import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local
+import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import
+on first use).</p>
+<p>That aside there is a way to use <cite>mock</cite> to affect the results of an import.
+Importing fetches an <em>object</em> from the <cite>sys.modules</cite> dictionary. Note that it
+fetches an <em>object</em>, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the
+first time results in a module object being put in <cite>sys.modules</cite>, so usually
+when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case
+however.</p>
+<p>This means you can use <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> to <em>temporarily</em> put a mock in place
+in <cite>sys.modules</cite>. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock.
+When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement
+body is complete or <cite>patcher.stop()</cite> is called) then whatever was there
+previously will be restored safely.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s an example that mocks out the &#8216;fooble&#8217; module.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fooble</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fooble</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.blob()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As you can see the <cite>import fooble</cite> succeeds, but on exit there is no &#8216;fooble&#8217;
+left in <cite>sys.modules</cite>.</p>
+<p>This also works for the <cite>from module import name</cite> form:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fooble</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">blob</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blip</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.blob.blip()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With slightly more work you can also mock package imports:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;package&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;package.module&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">fooble</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fooble</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.module.fooble()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fooble</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">
+<h2>Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions<a class="headerlink" href="#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class allows you to track the <em>order</em> of method calls on
+your mock objects through the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> attribute. This
+doesn&#8217;t allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects,
+however we can use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> to achieve the same effect.</p>
+<p>Because mocks track calls to child mocks in <cite>mock_calls</cite>, and accessing an
+arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate
+mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded,
+in order, in the <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.foo.something()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.bar.other.thing()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with
+the <cite>mock_calls</cite> attribute on the manager mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected_calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected_calls</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If <cite>patch</cite> is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach
+them to a manager mock using the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> method. After
+attaching calls will be recorded in <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the manager.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Class1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Class2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;MockClass1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;MockClass2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.MockClass1().foo()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.MockClass2().bar()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.MockClass1(),</span>
+<span class="go"> call.MockClass1().foo(),</span>
+<span class="go"> call.MockClass2(),</span>
+<span class="go"> call.MockClass2().bar()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If many calls have been made, but you&#8217;re only interested in a particular
+sequence of them then an alternative is to use the
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a> method. This takes a list of calls (constructed
+with the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object). If that sequence of calls are in
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> then the assert succeeds.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock().foo().bar().baz()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">one</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">three</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.one().two().three()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">one</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">three</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Even though the chained call <cite>m.one().two().three()</cite> aren&#8217;t the only calls that
+have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds.</p>
+<p>Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested
+in asserting about <em>some</em> of those calls. You may not even care about the
+order. In this case you can pass <cite>any_order=True</cite> to <cite>assert_has_calls</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fifty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;50&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">(...)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fifty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;50&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="more-complex-argument-matching">
+<h2>More complex argument matching<a class="headerlink" href="#more-complex-argument-matching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Using the same basic concept as <cite>ANY</cite> we can implement matchers to do more
+complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks.</p>
+<p>Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default
+compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user
+defined classes). To use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> we would need to pass
+in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes
+of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes
+for us.</p>
+<p>You can see in this example how a &#8216;standard&#8217; call to <cite>assert_called_with</cite> isn&#8217;t
+sufficient:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">call(&lt;__main__.Foo object at 0x...&gt;)</span>
+<span class="go">Actual call: call(&lt;__main__.Foo object at 0x...&gt;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A comparison function for our <cite>Foo</cite> class might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its
+equality operation would look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">compare</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_obj</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__eq__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Putting all this together:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">match_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">match_foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>Matcher</cite> is instantiated with our compare function and the <cite>Foo</cite> object
+we want to compare against. In <cite>assert_called_with</cite> the <cite>Matcher</cite> equality
+method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with
+against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then
+<cite>assert_called_with</cite> passes, and if they don&#8217;t an <cite>AssertionError</cite> is raised:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">match_wrong</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">match_wrong</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">((&lt;Matcher object at 0x...&gt;,), {})</span>
+<span class="go">Called with: ((&lt;Foo object at 0x...&gt;,), {})</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the
+<cite>AssertionError</cite> directly and provide a more useful failure message.</p>
+<p>As of version 1.5, the Python testing library <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest">PyHamcrest</a> provides similar functionality,
+that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher
+(<a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality">hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality</a>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">
+<h2>Less verbose configuration of mock objects<a class="headerlink" href="#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of <cite>Mock</cite>.
+See the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="matching-any-argument-in-assertions">
+<h2>Matching any argument in assertions<a class="headerlink" href="#matching-any-argument-in-assertions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-properties">
+<h2>Mocking Properties<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.PropertyMock" title="mock.PropertyMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PropertyMock</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-open">
+<h2>Mocking open<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-open" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.mock_open" title="mock.mock_open"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_open()</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocks-without-some-attributes">
+<h2>Mocks without some attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocks-without-some-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes"><em>Deleting Attributes</em></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Further Examples</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html"
+ title="previous chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p>
+ <h4>Next topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="compare.html"
+ title="next chapter">Mock Library Comparison</a></p>
+ <h3>This Page</h3>
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+</div>
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+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#index-5">__call__</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.__class__">__class__ (Mock attribute)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.__dir__">__dir__() (Mock method)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock._get_child_mock">_get_child_mock() (Mock method)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="A">A</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.ANY">ANY (in module mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="index.html#index-8">articles</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call">assert_any_call() (Mock method)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
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+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with">assert_called_with() (Mock method)</a>
+ </dt>
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+ </dt>
+
+
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+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="C">C</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.call">call() (in module mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args">call_args (Mock attribute)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list">call_args_list (Mock attribute)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_count">call_count (Mock attribute)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.call.call_list">call_list() (call method)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.called">called (Mock attribute)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#index-6">calling</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock">configure_mock() (Mock method)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec">create_autospec() (in module mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="D">D</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT">DEFAULT (in module mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="E">E</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="index.html#index-5">easy_install</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="F">F</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR">FILTER_DIR (in module mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="G">G</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="getting-started.html#index-0">Getting Started</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="H">H</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="index.html#index-3">hg</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="I">I</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="index.html#index-1">installing</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="index.html#index-0">introduction</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="M">M</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock">MagicMock (class in mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls">method_calls (Mock attribute)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock">Mock (class in mock)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+
+ <dt><a href="index.html#module-mock">mock (module)</a>
+ </dt>
+
+ </dl></td>
+ <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+
+ <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec">mock_add_spec() (Mock method)</a>
+ </dt>
+
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+
+ <div class="section" id="getting-started-with-mock">
+<h1>Getting Started with Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started-with-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="target" id="getting-started"></span><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><div class="section" id="using-mock">
+<h2>Using Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#using-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="mock-patching-methods">
+<h3>Mock Patching Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-patching-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Common uses for <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> objects include:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Patching methods</li>
+<li>Recording method calls on objects</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
+it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once our mock has been used (<cite>real.method</cite> in this example) it has methods
+and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In most of these examples the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> classes
+are interchangeable. As the <cite>MagicMock</cite> is the more capable class it makes
+a sensible one to use by default.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once the mock has been called its <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">called</span></tt> attribute is set to
+<cite>True</cite>. More importantly we can use the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt> or
+<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt> method to check that it was called with
+the correct arguments.</p>
+<p>This example tests that calling <cite>ProductionClass().method</cite> results in a call to
+the <cite>something</cite> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">
+<h3>Mock for Method Calls on an Object<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
+was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
+method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
+in the correct way.</p>
+<p>The simple <cite>ProductionClass</cite> below has a <cite>closer</cite> method. If it is called with
+an object then it calls <cite>close</cite> on it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">closer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">something</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>So to test it we need to pass in an object with a <cite>close</cite> method and check
+that it was called correctly.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">closer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We don&#8217;t have to do any work to provide the &#8216;close&#8217; method on our mock.
+Accessing close creates it. So, if &#8216;close&#8217; hasn&#8217;t already been called then
+accessing it in the test will create it, but <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt>
+will raise a failure exception.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-classes">
+<h3>Mocking Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
+When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
+are created by <em>calling the class</em>. This means you access the &#8220;mock instance&#8221;
+by looking at the return value of the mocked class.</p>
+<p>In the example below we have a function <cite>some_function</cite> that instantiates <cite>Foo</cite>
+and calls a method on it. The call to <cite>patch</cite> replaces the class <cite>Foo</cite> with a
+mock. The <cite>Foo</cite> instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
+by modifying the mock <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">some_function</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;module.Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;the result&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;the result&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="naming-your-mocks">
+<h3>Naming your mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#naming-your-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
+the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
+name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;foo.method&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tracking-all-calls">
+<h3>Tracking all Calls<a class="headerlink" href="#tracking-all-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
+<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt> attribute records all calls
+to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.attribute.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you make an assertion about <cite>mock_calls</cite> and any unexpected methods
+have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
+as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
+that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:</p>
+<p>You use the <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> object to construct lists for comparing with
+<cite>mock_calls</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-return-values-and-attributes">
+<h3>Setting Return Values and Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-return-values-and-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The return value can also be set in the constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
+<cite>mock.connection.cursor().execute(&#8220;SELECT 1&#8221;)</cite>. If we wanted this call to
+return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.</p>
+<p>We can use <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> to construct the set of calls in a &#8220;chained call&#8221; like
+this for easy assertion afterwards:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cursor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT 1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;foo&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT 1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute(&#39;SELECT 1&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is the call to <cite>.call_list()</cite> that turns our call object into a list of
+calls representing the chained calls.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions-with-mocks">
+<h3>Raising exceptions with mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions-with-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A useful attribute is <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>. If you set this to an
+exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
+is called.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Boom!&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="side-effect-functions-and-iterables">
+<h3>Side effect functions and iterables<a class="headerlink" href="#side-effect-functions-and-iterables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
+<cite>side_effect</cite> as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
+times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
+<cite>side_effect</cite> to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
+from the iterable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">4</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">5</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">6</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
+depending on what the mock is called with, <cite>side_effect</cite> can be a function.
+The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
+function returns is what the call returns:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">vals</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">
+<h3>Creating a Mock from an Existing Object<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
+implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
+class that implements <cite>some_method</cite>. In a test for another class, you
+provide a mock of this object that <em>also</em> provides <cite>some_method</cite>. If later
+you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has <cite>some_method</cite> - then
+your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!</p>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
+using the <cite>spec</cite> keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
+mock that don&#8217;t exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
+attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
+tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
+instantiate the class in those tests.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">old_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">object has no attribute &#39;old_method&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
+of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
+<cite>spec_set</cite> instead of <cite>spec</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-decorators">
+<h2>Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
+for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
+is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
+them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
+tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.</p>
+<p>mock provides three convenient decorators for this: <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and
+<cite>patch.dict</cite>. <cite>patch</cite> takes a single string, of the form
+<cite>package.module.Class.attribute</cite> to specify the attribute you are patching. It
+also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
+whatever) to be replaced with. &#8216;patch.object&#8217; takes an object and the name of
+the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
+with.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.object</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are patching a module (including <cite>__builtin__</cite>) then use <cite>patch</cite>
+instead of <cite>patch.object</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file_handle</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file_handle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;incorrect file handle returned&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The module name can be &#8216;dotted&#8217;, in the form <cite>package.module</cite> if needed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName.attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use <cite>patch</cite> with only one argument
+(or <cite>patch.object</cite> with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
+passed into the test function / method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for <cite>test_module.ClassName2</cite> is passed in first.</p>
+<p>There is also <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt> for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> can all be used as context managers.</p>
+<p>Where you use <cite>patch</cite> to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
+mock using the &#8220;as&#8221; form of the with statement:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As an alternative <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used as
+class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
+decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with &#8220;test&#8221;.</p>
+<p>For some more advanced examples, see the <a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#further-examples"><em>Further Examples</em></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-mock">Using Mock</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-patching-methods">Mock Patching Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html"
+ title="previous chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p>
+ <h4>Next topic</h4>
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+
+ <div class="section" id="mock-mocking-and-testing-library">
+<h1>Mock - Mocking and Testing Library<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-mocking-and-testing-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml">Michael Foord</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Version:</th><td class="field-body">1.0.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">2012/10/07</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Homepage:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/">Mock Homepage</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Download:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">Mock on PyPI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Documentation:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">PDF Documentation</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml">BSD License</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Support:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python">Mailing list (testing-in-python&#64;lists.idyll.org)</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Issue tracker:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">Google code project</a></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<span class="target" id="module-mock"></span><p id="index-0">mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+have been used.</p>
+<p>mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a>
+in Python 3.3 onwards.</p>
+<p>mock provides a core <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class removing the need to create a host
+of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+the normal way.</p>
+<p>Additionally, mock provides a <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator that handles patching
+module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with
+<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> for creating unique objects. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">quick guide</a> for
+some examples of how to use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest</a>. Mock is based on
+the &#8216;action -&gt; assertion&#8217; pattern instead of <cite>&#8216;record -&gt; replay&#8217;</cite> used by many
+mocking frameworks.</p>
+<p>mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of
+Jython and PyPy.</p>
+<div class="section" id="api-documentation">
+<h2>API Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#api-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html">The Mock Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#calling">Calling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html">Patch Decorators</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch">patch</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#call">call</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#any">ANY</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock-open">mock_open</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html">Sentinel</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-guide">
+<h2>User Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Further Examples</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html">CHANGELOG</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03 Version 0.3.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30 Version 0.3.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21 Version 0.2.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20 Version 0.2.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19 Version 0.1.0</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="installing">
+<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Installing<a class="headerlink" href="#installing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The current version is 1.0.0. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do
+find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions
+then please contact us.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">mock on PyPI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">mock documentation as PDF</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/">Google Code Home &amp; Mercurial Repository</a></li>
+</ul>
+<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><p id="index-3">You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial
+repository with the following command:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">clone</span> <span class="pre">https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+<span class="target" id="index-4"></span><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><p id="index-6">If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div>
+<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after
+unpacking run:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">install</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="quick-guide">
+<h2>Quick Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#quick-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> objects create all attributes and
+methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You
+can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are
+available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
+exception when a mock is called:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">(5, 4, 3)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+example the <cite>spec</cite> argument configures the mock to take its specification
+from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock
+that don&#8217;t exist on the spec will fail with an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;module.ClassName2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;module.ClassName1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for <cite>module.ClassName1</cite> is passed in first.</p>
+<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>As well as a decorator <cite>patch</cite> can be used as a context manager in a with
+statement:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There is also <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mock supports the mocking of Python <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>. The
+easiest way of using magic methods is with the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class. It
+allows you to do things like:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foobarbaz&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;foobarbaz&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+and they will be called appropriately. The <cite>MagicMock</cite> class is just a Mock
+variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the
+useful ones anyway).</p>
+<p>The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;wheeeeee&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;wheeeeee&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the
+objects they are replacing, you can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>auto-speccing</em></a>.
+Auto-speccing can be done through the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to patch, or the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that
+have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and
+any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call
+signature as the real object.</p>
+<p>This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+code if they are used incorrectly:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fishy&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fishy&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;wrong arguments&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>create_autospec</cite> can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+the <cite>__init__</cite> method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+the <cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
+<span class="target" id="index-7"></span></div>
+<div class="section" id="references">
+<span id="index-8"></span><h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md">Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django">mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://blip.tv/file/4881513">PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/">Mock objects in Python</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/">Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/">Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html">Mocking Django</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">Mocking dates and other classes that can&#8217;t be modified</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html">Mock recipes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html">Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/">Coverage and Mock (with django)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194">Python Unit Testing with Mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/">Getting started with Python Mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/">Smart Parameter Checks with mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html">Python mock testing techniques and tools</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html">How To Test Django Template Tags</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html">A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html">Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine</a></li>
+</ul>
+<span class="target" id="index-9"></span></div>
+<div class="section" id="tests">
+<span id="index-10"></span><h2>Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Mock uses <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> for its own
+test suite. In order to run it, use the <cite>unit2</cite> script that comes with
+<cite>unittest2</cite> module on a checkout of the source repository:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>unit2 discover</cite></div></blockquote>
+<p>If you have <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute">setuptools</a> as well as
+unittest2 you can run:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">test</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+<p>On Python 3.2 you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> module from the standard library.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python3.2</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">unittest</span> <span class="pre">discover</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+<p id="index-11">On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On
+Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement
+is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="older-versions">
+<span id="index-12"></span><h2>Older Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#older-versions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Documentation for older versions of mock:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/">mock 0.8</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/">mock 0.7</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/">mock 0.6</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Docs from the in-development version of <cite>mock</cite> can be found at
+<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">mock.readthedocs.org</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="terminology">
+<h2>Terminology<a class="headerlink" href="#terminology" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms
+like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.</p>
+<p>In <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html">classic mock terminology</a>
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.Mock</span></tt></a> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html">spy</a> that
+allows for <em>post-mortem</em> examination. This is what I call the &#8220;action -&gt;
+assertion&#8221; <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a> pattern of testing.</p>
+<p>I&#8217;m not however a fan of this &#8220;statically typed mocking terminology&#8221;
+promulgated by <a class="reference external" href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html">Martin Fowler</a>. It confuses usage
+patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology
+when discussing mocking.</p>
+<p>I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a
+mock object and quacks like a mock object then it&#8217;s fine to call it a mock, no
+matter what the implementation looks like.</p>
+<p>This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where
+different usage patterns will <em>require</em> different implementations.
+<cite>mock.Mock()</cite> is capable of being used in most of the different roles
+described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock
+itself!</p>
+<p>How about a simpler definition: a &#8220;mock object&#8221; is an object used to replace a
+real one in a system under test.</p>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>This pattern is called &#8220;AAA&#8221; by some members of the testing community;
+&#8220;Arrange - Act - Assert&#8221;.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#api-documentation">API Documentation</a><ul>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-guide">User Guide</a><ul>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing">Installing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tests">Tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#older-versions">Older Versions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#terminology">Terminology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Next topic</h4>
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+
+ <div class="section" id="mocking-magic-methods">
+<span id="magic-methods"></span><h1>Mocking Magic Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-magic-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> supports mocking <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html">magic methods</a>. This allows mock
+objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python
+protocols.</p>
+<p>Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id4" id="id2">[1]</a>, this
+support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
+methods are supported. The supported list includes <em>almost</em> all of them. If
+there are any missing that you need please let us know!</p>
+<p>You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
+or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it <em>must</em> take <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></tt> as
+the first argument <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id3">[2]</a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__str__</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
+<cite>with</cite> statement:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Calls to magic methods do not appear in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a>, but they
+are recorded in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use the <cite>spec</cite> keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
+set a magic method that isn&#8217;t in the spec will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The full list of supported magic methods is:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__repr__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__format__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasses__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floor__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__trunc__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ceil__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Comparisons: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__le__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__eq__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ne__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Container methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setitem__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getslice__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setslice__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reversed__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Context manager: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Unary numeric methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__neg__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__pos__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__invert__</span></tt></li>
+<li>The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__add__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sub__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mul__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__div__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floordiv__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mod__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__divmod__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lshift__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__rshift__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__and__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__xor__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__or__</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__pow__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Numeric conversion methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__complex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__float__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__index__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__coerce__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Descriptor methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__get__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delete__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Pickling: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce_ex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getinitargs__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getstate__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setstate__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don&#8217;t exist in Python 3:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__long__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__oct__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hex__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__truediv__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__rtruediv__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don&#8217;t exist in Python 2:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bool__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__next__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following methods exist but are <em>not</em> supported as they are either in use by
+mock, can&#8217;t be set dynamically, or can cause problems:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setattr__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__new__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__prepare__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__instancecheck__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__del__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="magic-mock">
+<h1>Magic Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>There are two <cite>MagicMock</cite> variants: <cite>MagicMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite>.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.MagicMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">MagicMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.MagicMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> with default implementations
+of most of the magic methods. You can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> without having to
+configure the magic methods yourself.</p>
+<p>The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>If you use the <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> arguments then <em>only</em> magic methods
+that exist in the spec will be created.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.NonCallableMagicMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMagicMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>MagicMock</cite>.</p>
+<p>The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and
+<cite>side_effect</cite> which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>The magic methods are setup with <cite>MagicMock</cite> objects, so you can configure them
+and use them in the usual way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;result&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;result&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
+specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
+that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren&#8217;t interested
+in the return value. You can still <em>set</em> the return value manually if you want
+to change the default.</p>
+<p>Methods and their defaults:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__le__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__</span></tt> : 1</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt> : False</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__</span></tt> : 1</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__</span></tt> : iter([])</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> : False</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__complex__</span></tt> : 1j</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__float__</span></tt> : 1.0</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bool__</span></tt> : True</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__</span></tt> : True</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__oct__</span></tt> : &#8216;1&#8217;</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hex__</span></tt> : &#8216;0x1&#8217;</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__long__</span></tt> : long(1)</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__index__</span></tt> : 1</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__</span></tt> : default hash for the mock</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> : default str for the mock</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt> : default unicode for the mock</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt>: default sizeof for the mock</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">0</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;0x1&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">mock</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The two equality method, <cite>__eq__</cite> and <cite>__ne__</cite>, are special (changed in
+0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
+effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__eq__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In <cite>0.8</cite> the <cite>__iter__</cite> also gained special handling implemented with a
+side effect. The return value of <cite>MagicMock.__iter__</cite> can be any iterable
+object and isn&#8217;t required to be an iterator:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the return value <em>is</em> an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
+it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
+of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.</p>
+<p>Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getslice__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setslice__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__coerce__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasses__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__format__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__get__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delete__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reversed__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce_ex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getinitargs__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getstate__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setstate__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getformat__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setformat__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="docutils" />
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id4" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>Magic methods <em>should</em> be looked up on the class rather than the
+instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
+rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
+of Python.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id5" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">[2]</a></td><td>The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt>
+instance is kept isolated from the others.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="sentinel.html"
+ title="previous chapter">Sentinel</a></p>
+ <h4>Next topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html"
+ title="next chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p>
+ <h3>This Page</h3>
+ <ul class="this-page-menu">
+ <li><a href="_sources/magicmock.txt"
+ rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
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new file mode 100644
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+ <div class="body">
+
+ <div class="section" id="the-mock-class">
+<h1>The Mock Class<a class="headerlink" href="#the-mock-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and
+test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as
+new mocks when you access them <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a>. Accessing the same attribute will always
+return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make
+assertions about what your code has done to them.</p>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> is a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> with all the magic methods
+pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful
+when you are mocking out objects that aren&#8217;t callable:
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a></p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes
+in a particular module with a <cite>Mock</cite> object. By default <cite>patch</cite> will create
+a <cite>MagicMock</cite> for you. You can specify an alternative class of <cite>Mock</cite> using
+the <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
+<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.Mock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Mock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>side_effect=None</em>, <em>return_value=DEFAULT</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Create a new <cite>Mock</cite> object. <cite>Mock</cite> takes several optional arguments
+that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>spec</cite>: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
+class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
+you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
+the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods).
+Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+<p>If <cite>spec</cite> is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="mock.Mock.__class__"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__class__</span></tt></a> returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
+to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>spec_set</cite>: A stricter variant of <cite>spec</cite>. If used, attempting to <em>set</em>
+or get an attribute on the mock that isn&#8217;t on the object passed as
+<cite>spec_set</cite> will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>side_effect</cite>: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
+the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
+dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
+arguments as the mock, and unless it returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>, the return
+value of this function is used as the return value.</p>
+<p>Alternatively <cite>side_effect</cite> can be an exception class or instance. In
+this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.</p>
+<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
+the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable
+are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.</p>
+<p>A <cite>side_effect</cite> can be cleared by setting it to <cite>None</cite>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>return_value</cite>: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
+this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>wraps</cite>: Item for the mock object to wrap. If <cite>wraps</cite> is not None then
+calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
+(returning the real result and ignoring <cite>return_value</cite>). Attribute access
+on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
+attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute
+that doesn&#8217;t exist will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>).</p>
+<p>If the mock has an explicit <cite>return_value</cite> set then calls are not passed
+to the wrapped object and the <cite>return_value</cite> is returned instead.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>name</cite>: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
+mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
+mocks.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
+used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method for details.</p>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_with">
+<tt class="descname">assert_called_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a
+particular way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;wow&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;wow&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with">
+<tt class="descname">assert_called_once_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
+arguments.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_any_call">
+<tt class="descname">assert_any_call</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.</p>
+<p>The assert passes if the mock has <em>ever</em> been called, unlike
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a> that
+only pass if the call is the most recent one.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;else&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_any_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls">
+<tt class="descname">assert_has_calls</tt><big>(</big><em>calls</em>, <em>any_order=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
+The <cite>mock_calls</cite> list is checked for the calls.</p>
+<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is False (the default) then the calls must be
+sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
+specified calls.</p>
+<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is True then the calls can be in any order, but
+they must all appear in <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.reset_mock">
+<tt class="descname">reset_mock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;hello&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset_mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that
+reuse the same object. Note that <cite>reset_mock</cite> <em>doesn&#8217;t</em> clear the
+return value, <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> or any child attributes you have
+set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock
+(if any) are reset as well.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec">
+<tt class="descname">mock_add_spec</tt><big>(</big><em>spec</em>, <em>spec_set=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Add a spec to a mock. <cite>spec</cite> can either be an object or a
+list of strings. Only attributes on the <cite>spec</cite> can be fetched as
+attributes from the mock.</p>
+<p>If <cite>spec_set</cite> is <cite>True</cite> then only attributes on the spec can be set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.attach_mock">
+<tt class="descname">attach_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>mock</em>, <em>attribute</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
+parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of this one.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.configure_mock">
+<tt class="descname">configure_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.</p>
+<p>Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
+mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
+method call:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>configure_mock</cite> exists to make it easier to do configuration
+after the mock has been created.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.__dir__">
+<tt class="descname">__dir__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__dir__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><cite>Mock</cite> objects limit the results of <cite>dir(some_mock)</cite> to useful results.
+For mocks with a <cite>spec</cite> this includes all the permitted attributes
+for the mock.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> for what this filtering does, and how to
+switch it off.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock._get_child_mock">
+<tt class="descname">_get_child_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock._get_child_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
+By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
+Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
+child mocks are made.</p>
+<p>For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
+any custom subclass).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.called">
+<tt class="descname">called</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.called" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.call_count">
+<tt class="descname">call_count</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_count" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
+<span class="go">0</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.return_value">
+<tt class="descname">return_value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in
+the normal way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock()()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>return_value</cite> can also be set in the constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.side_effect">
+<tt class="descname">side_effect</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called,
+or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.</p>
+<p>If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the
+mock and unless the function returns the <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> singleton the
+call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the
+function returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> then the mock will return its normal
+value (from the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception
+handling of an API):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Boom!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using <cite>side_effect</cite> to return a sequence of values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">(3, 2, 1)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the same arguments as the
+mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword
+arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for
+the call. The exception is if <cite>side_effect</cite> returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>,
+in which case the normal <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> is used.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can be set in the constructor. Here&#8217;s an example that
+adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">4</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">-7</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite> clears it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args">
+<tt class="descname">call_args</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This is either <cite>None</cite> (if the mock hasn&#8217;t been called), or the
+arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the
+form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock
+was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any
+keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call(3, 4)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;w00t!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call(3, 4, 5, key=&#39;fish&#39;, next=&#39;w00t!&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>call_args</cite>, along with members of the lists <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects.
+These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual
+arguments and make more complex assertions. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args_list">
+<tt class="descname">call_args_list</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence
+(so the length of the list is the number of times it has been
+called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of
+calls to compare with <cite>call_args_list</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;w00t!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(), call(3, 4), call(key=&#39;fish&#39;, next=&#39;w00t!&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(),</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),),</span> <span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;next&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;w00t!&#39;</span><span class="p">},)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
+unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.method_calls">
+<tt class="descname">method_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to
+methods and attributes, and <em>their</em> methods and attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.property.method.attribute()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Members of <cite>method_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
+unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_calls">
+<tt class="descname">mock_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><cite>mock_calls</cite> records <em>all</em> calls to the mock object, its methods, magic
+methods <em>and</em> return value mocks.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.first()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.second()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock()()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__int__</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Members of <cite>mock_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
+unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.__class__">
+<tt class="descname">__class__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Normally the <cite>__class__</cite> attribute of an object will return its type.
+For a mock object with a <cite>spec</cite> <cite>__class__</cite> returns the spec class
+instead. This allows mock objects to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests for the
+object they are replacing / masquerading as:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an
+<cite>isinstance</cite> check without forcing you to use a spec:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__class__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.NonCallableMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>Mock</cite>. The constructor parameters have the same
+meaning of <cite>Mock</cite>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and <cite>side_effect</cite>
+which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> are able
+to pass <cite>isintance</cite> tests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>Mock</cite> classes have support for mocking magic methods. See <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic
+methods</em></a> for the full details.</p>
+<p>The mock classes and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators all take arbitrary keyword
+arguments for configuration. For the <cite>patch</cite> decorators the keywords are
+passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments
+are for configuring attributes of the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way,
+using dotted notation. As you can&#8217;t use dotted names directly in a call you
+have to create a dictionary and unpack it using <cite>**</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.PropertyMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">PropertyMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.PropertyMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class.
+<cite>PropertyMock</cite> provides <cite>__get__</cite> and <cite>__set__</cite> methods so you can specify
+a return value when it is fetched.</p>
+<p>Fetching a <cite>PropertyMock</cite> instance from an object calls the mock, with
+no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@property</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;something&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nd">@foo.setter</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.Foo.foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">PropertyMock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;mockity-mock&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">this_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">this_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">this_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">mockity-mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(), call(6)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can&#8217;t directly attach a
+<cite>PropertyMock</cite> to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type
+object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PropertyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">p</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<span class="target" id="index-5"></span></div>
+<div class="section" id="calling">
+<span id="index-6"></span><h1>Calling<a class="headerlink" href="#calling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute. The default return value is a new Mock
+object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either
+explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one
+returned each time.</p>
+<p>Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes
+like <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> is set then it will be called after the call has
+been recorded, so if <cite>side_effect</cite> raises an exception the call is still
+recorded.</p>
+<p>The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> an exception class or instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">IndexError</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">IndexError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Bang!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;three&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;four&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;Bang!&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(&#39;two&#39;, &#39;three&#39;, &#39;four&#39;)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is a function then whatever that function returns is what
+calls to the mock return. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the
+same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the
+call dynamically, based on the input:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1), call(2)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or
+any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return
+<cite>mock.return_value</cite> from inside <cite>side_effect</cite>, or return <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To remove a <cite>side_effect</cite>, and return to the default behaviour, set the
+<cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">6</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock
+will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and
+a <cite>StopIteration</cite> is raised):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">StopIteration</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of
+returned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">66</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">33</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">ValueError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">66</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deleting-attributes">
+<span id="id2"></span><h1>Deleting Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#deleting-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be
+objects of any type.</p>
+<p>You may want a mock object to return <cite>False</cite> to a <cite>hasattr</cite> call, or raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite> when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing
+an object as a <cite>spec</cite> for a mock, but that isn&#8217;t always convenient.</p>
+<p>You &#8220;block&#8221; attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute
+will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">m</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">f</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="attaching-mocks-as-attributes">
+<h1>Attaching Mocks as Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return
+value) it becomes a &#8220;child&#8221; of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of the
+parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to
+the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the
+children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between
+mocks:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child2</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent
+the &#8220;parenting&#8221; if for some reason you don&#8217;t want it to happen.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">not_a_child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;not-a-child&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">not_a_child</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;not-a-child()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mocks created for you by <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> are automatically given names. To
+attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a>
+method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;child1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;child2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.child1(&#39;one&#39;), call.child2(&#39;two&#39;)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<hr class="docutils" />
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have
+leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn&#8217;t create these but
+instead of raises an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt>. This is because the interpreter
+will often implicitly request these methods, and gets <em>very</em> confused to
+get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
+method support see <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">The Mock Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling">Calling</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="index.html"
+ title="previous chapter">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a></p>
+ <h4>Next topic</h4>
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mocksignature.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mocksignature.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mocksignature.html
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+ <div class="body">
+
+ <div class="section" id="mocksignature">
+<h1>mocksignature<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a>, added in mock 0.8, is a more advanced version of
+<cite>mocksignature</cite> and can be used for many of the same use cases.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A problem with using mock objects to replace real objects in your tests is that
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> can be <em>too</em> flexible. Your code can treat the mock objects in
+any way and you have to manually check that they were called correctly. If your
+code calls functions or methods with the wrong number of arguments then mocks
+don&#8217;t complain.</p>
+<p>The solution to this is <cite>mocksignature</cite>, which creates functions with the
+same signature as the original, but delegating to a mock. You can interrogate
+the mock in the usual way to check it has been called with the <em>right</em>
+arguments, but if it is called with the wrong number of arguments it will
+raise a <cite>TypeError</cite> in the same way your production code would.</p>
+<p>Another advantage is that your mocked objects are real functions, which can
+be useful when your code uses
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html">inspect</a> or depends on
+functions being function objects.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.mocksignature">
+<tt class="descname">mocksignature</tt><big>(</big><em>func</em>, <em>mock=None</em>, <em>skipfirst=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.mocksignature" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Create a new function with the same signature as <cite>func</cite> that delegates
+to <cite>mock</cite>. If <cite>skipfirst</cite> is True the first argument is skipped, useful
+for methods where <cite>self</cite> needs to be omitted from the new function.</p>
+<p>If you don&#8217;t pass in a <cite>mock</cite> then one will be created for you.</p>
+<p>Functions returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> have many of the same attributes
+and assert methods as a mock object.</p>
+<p>The mock is set as the <cite>mock</cite> attribute of the returned function for easy
+access.</p>
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of
+the <cite>__init__</cite> method.</p>
+<p>When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the
+<cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> will work out if it is mocking the signature of a method on
+an instance or a method on a class and do the &#8220;right thing&#8221; with the <cite>self</cite>
+argument in both cases.</p>
+<p>Because of a limitation in the way that arguments are collected by functions
+created by <cite>mocksignature</cite> they are <em>always</em> passed as positional arguments
+(including defaults) and not keyword arguments.</p>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-api">
+<h2>mocksignature api<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Although the objects returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> api are real function objects,
+they have much of the same api as the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class. This includes the
+assert methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected call</span>: <span class="n">mock(1, 2, 4)</span>
+<span class="go">Actual call: mock(1, 2, 3)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">IndexError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">IndexError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The mock object that is being delegated to is available as the <cite>mock</cite> attribute
+of the function created by <cite>mocksignature</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The methods and attributes available on functions returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite>
+are:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_any_call()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_count" title="mock.Mock.call_count"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_count</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.called" title="mock.Mock.called"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">called</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a>, <cite>mock</cite>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="mock.Mock.reset_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_mock()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>, and
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>.</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="example-use">
+<h2>Example use<a class="headerlink" href="#example-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="basic-use">
+<h3>Basic use<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="keyword-arguments">
+<h3>Keyword arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#keyword-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Note that arguments to functions created by <cite>mocksignature</cite> are always passed
+in to the underlying mock by position even when called with keywords:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-methods-and-self">
+<h3>Mocking methods and self<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-methods-and-self" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When you use <cite>mocksignature</cite> to replace a method on a class then <cite>self</cite>
+will be included in the method signature - and you will need to include
+the instance when you do your asserts.</p>
+<p>As a curious factor of the way Python (2) wraps methods fetched from a class,
+we can <em>get</em> the <cite>return_value</cite> from a function set on a class, but we can&#8217;t
+set it. We have to do this through the exposed <cite>mock</cite> attribute instead:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 4 arguments (1 given)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you use <cite>mocksignature</cite> on instance methods <cite>self</cite> isn&#8217;t included (and we
+can set the <cite>return_value</cite> etc directly):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-with-classes">
+<h3>mocksignature with classes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-with-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When used with a class <cite>mocksignature</cite> copies the signature of the <cite>__init__</cite>
+method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Because the object returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> is a function rather than a
+<cite>Mock</cite> you lose the other capabilities of <cite>Mock</cite>, like dynamic attribute
+creation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-with-callable-objects">
+<h3>mocksignature with callable objects<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-with-callable-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When used with a callable object <cite>mocksignature</cite> copies the signature of the
+<cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eggs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-argument-to-patch">
+<h2>mocksignature argument to patch<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-argument-to-patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> is available as a keyword argument to <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> or
+<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a>. It can be used with functions / methods / classes and
+callable objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">mocksignature</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-api">mocksignature api</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-use">Example use</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-use">Basic use</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments">Keyword arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-methods-and-self">Mocking methods and self</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-with-classes">mocksignature with classes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-with-callable-objects">mocksignature with callable objects</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-argument-to-patch">mocksignature argument to patch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html"
+ title="previous chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p>
+ <h4>Next topic</h4>
+ <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html"
+ title="next chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p>
+ <h3>This Page</h3>
+ <ul class="this-page-menu">
+ <li><a href="_sources/mocksignature.txt"
+ rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+ </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+ <h3>Quick search</h3>
+ <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+ <input type="text" name="q" />
+ <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+ <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+ <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+ </form>
+ <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+ Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="clearer"></div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="related">
+ <h3>Navigation</h3>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+ <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+ >index</a></li>
+ <li class="right" >
+ <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock"
+ >next</a> |</li>
+ <li class="right" >
+ <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods"
+ >previous</a> |</li>
+ <li><a href="index.html">Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation</a> &raquo;</li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ <div class="footer">
+ &copy; Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord &amp; the mock team.
+ Last updated on Feb 16, 2012.
+ Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.2.
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html> \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/objects.inv b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..363889257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/objects.inv
Binary files differ
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/output.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/output.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56093e750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/output.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+Results of doctest builder run on 2012-10-07 18:33:27
+=====================================================
+
+Document: index
+---------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 35 tests in default
+35 tests in 1 items.
+35 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: compare
+-----------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 39 tests in default
+39 tests in 1 items.
+39 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: getting-started
+-------------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 83 tests in default
+83 tests in 1 items.
+83 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: magicmock
+-------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 40 tests in default
+40 tests in 1 items.
+40 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: patch
+---------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 75 tests in default
+75 tests in 1 items.
+75 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 2 tests in default (cleanup code)
+2 tests in 1 items.
+2 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: helpers
+-----------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 87 tests in default
+87 tests in 1 items.
+87 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 2 tests in default (cleanup code)
+2 tests in 1 items.
+2 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: examples
+------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 171 tests in default
+171 tests in 1 items.
+171 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: sentinel
+------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 6 tests in default
+6 tests in 1 items.
+6 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: mock
+--------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 187 tests in default
+187 tests in 1 items.
+187 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Doctest summary
+===============
+ 723 tests
+ 0 failures in tests
+ 0 failures in setup code
+ 0 failures in cleanup code
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/patch.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/patch.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7164d147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/patch.html
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+
+ <title>Patch Decorators &mdash; Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title>
+
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+ URL_ROOT: '',
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+
+ <div class="section" id="patch-decorators">
+<h1>Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
+the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
+even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
+statements or as class decorators.</p>
+<div class="section" id="patch">
+<h2>patch<a class="headerlink" href="#patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><cite>patch</cite> is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
+right namespace. See the section <a class="reference internal" href="#id1">where to patch</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch">
+<tt class="descname">patch</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>new=DEFAULT</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><cite>patch</cite> acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the <cite>target</cite>
+is patched with a <cite>new</cite> object. When the function/with statement exits
+the patch is undone.</p>
+<p>If <cite>new</cite> is omitted, then the target is replaced with a
+<a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>. If <cite>patch</cite> is used as a decorator and <cite>new</cite> is
+omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the
+decorated function. If <cite>patch</cite> is used as a context manager the created
+mock is returned by the context manager.</p>
+<p><cite>target</cite> should be a string in the form <cite>&#8216;package.module.ClassName&#8217;</cite>. The
+<cite>target</cite> is imported and the specified object replaced with the <cite>new</cite>
+object, so the <cite>target</cite> must be importable from the environment you are
+calling <cite>patch</cite> from. The target is imported when the decorated function
+is executed, not at decoration time.</p>
+<p>The <cite>spec</cite> and <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword arguments are passed to the <cite>MagicMock</cite>
+if patch is creating one for you.</p>
+<p>In addition you can pass <cite>spec=True</cite> or <cite>spec_set=True</cite>, which causes
+patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.</p>
+<p><cite>new_callable</cite> allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+that will be called to create the <cite>new</cite> object. By default <cite>MagicMock</cite> is
+used.</p>
+<p>A more powerful form of <cite>spec</cite> is <cite>autospec</cite>. If you set <cite>autospec=True</cite>
+then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
+will have their arguments checked and will raise a <cite>TypeError</cite> if they are
+called with the wrong signature. For mocks
+replacing a class, their return value (the &#8216;instance&#8217;) will have the same
+spec as the class. See the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function and
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a>.</p>
+<p>Instead of <cite>autospec=True</cite> you can pass <cite>autospec=some_object</cite> to use an
+arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.</p>
+<p>By default <cite>patch</cite> will fail to replace attributes that don&#8217;t exist. If
+you pass in <cite>create=True</cite>, and the attribute doesn&#8217;t exist, patch will
+create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+passing tests against APIs that don&#8217;t actually exist!</p>
+<p>Patch can be used as a <cite>TestCase</cite> class decorator. It works by
+decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+code when your test methods share a common patchings set. <cite>patch</cite> finds
+tests by looking for method names that start with <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>.
+By default this is <cite>test</cite>, which matches the way <cite>unittest</cite> finds tests.
+You can specify an alternative prefix by setting <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>.</p>
+<p>Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+use &#8220;as&#8221; then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+&#8220;as&#8221;; very useful if <cite>patch</cite> is creating a mock object for you.</p>
+<p><cite>patch</cite> takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+the <cite>Mock</cite> (or <cite>new_callable</cite>) on construction.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.dict(...)</cite>, <cite>patch.multiple(...)</cite> and <cite>patch.object(...)</cite> are
+available for alternate use-cases.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><cite>patch</cite> as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into
+the decorated function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normal_argument</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock_class</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock_class</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Patching a class replaces the class with a <cite>MagicMock</cite> <em>instance</em>. If the
+class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> of the mock that will be used.</p>
+<p>If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
+can set the <cite>return_value</cite> to be anything you want.</p>
+<p>To configure return values on methods of <em>instances</em> on the patched class
+you must do this on the <cite>return_value</cite>. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.Class&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">instance</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> and <cite>patch</cite> is replacing a <em>class</em>, then the
+return value of the created mock will have the same spec.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.Class&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Original</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>new_callable</cite> argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
+class to the default <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> for the created mock. For example, if
+you wanted a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> to be used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NonCallableMock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_thing</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;NonCallableMock&#39; object is not callable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Another use case might be to replace an object with a <cite>StringIO</cite> instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&#39;Something&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.stdout&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_stdout</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mock_stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;Something</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When <cite>patch</cite> is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
+you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
+in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
+used to set attributes on the created mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">first</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;one&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;two&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>, of child mocks can
+also be configured. These aren&#8217;t syntactically valid to pass in directly as
+keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
+into a <cite>patch</cite> call using <cite>**</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-object">
+<h2>patch.object<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.object">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">object</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>attribute</em>, <em>new=DEFAULT</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>patch the named member (<cite>attribute</cite>) on an object (<cite>target</cite>) with a mock
+object.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.object</cite> can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+manager. Arguments <cite>new</cite>, <cite>spec</cite>, <cite>create</cite>, <cite>spec_set</cite>, <cite>autospec</cite> and
+<cite>new_callable</cite> have the same meaning as for <cite>patch</cite>. Like <cite>patch</cite>,
+<cite>patch.object</cite> takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
+object it creates.</p>
+<p>When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.object</cite> honours <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>
+for choosing which methods to wrap.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>You can either call <cite>patch.object</cite> with three arguments or two arguments. The
+three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
+object to replace the attribute with.</p>
+<p>When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
+mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
+function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;class_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>spec</cite>, <cite>create</cite> and the other arguments to <cite>patch.object</cite> have the same
+meaning as they do for <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-dict">
+<h2>patch.dict<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-dict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.dict">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">dict</tt><big>(</big><em>in_dict</em>, <em>values=()</em>, <em>clear=False</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.dict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+to its original state after the test.</p>
+<p><cite>in_dict</cite> can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+plus iterating over keys.</p>
+<p><cite>in_dict</cite> can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+will then be fetched by importing it.</p>
+<p><cite>values</cite> can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. <cite>values</cite>
+can also be an iterable of <cite>(key, value)</cite> pairs.</p>
+<p>If <cite>clear</cite> is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+values are set.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+values in the dictionary.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+decorator. When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.dict</cite> honours
+<cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for choosing which methods to wrap.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
+change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
+ends.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;os.environ&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">newvalue</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Keywords can be used in the <cite>patch.dict</cite> call to set values in the dictionary:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymodule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used with dictionary like objects that aren&#8217;t actually
+dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
+deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
+magic methods <cite>__getitem__</cite>, <cite>__setitem__</cite>, <cite>__delitem__</cite> and either
+<cite>__iter__</cite> or <cite>__contains__</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Container</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__getitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__setitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__delitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">del</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__iter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Container</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">one</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-multiple">
+<h2>patch.multiple<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-multiple" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.multiple">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">multiple</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.multiple" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+and keyword arguments for the patches:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FIRST_PATCH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SECOND_PATCH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
+ <span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> as the value if you want <cite>patch.multiple</cite> to create
+mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when <cite>patch.multiple</cite> is
+used as a context manager.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.multiple</cite> can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+manager. The arguments <cite>spec</cite>, <cite>spec_set</cite>, <cite>create</cite>, <cite>autospec</cite> and
+<cite>new_callable</cite> have the same meaning as for <cite>patch</cite>. These arguments will
+be applied to <em>all</em> patches done by <cite>patch.multiple</cite>.</p>
+<p>When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.multiple</cite> honours <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>
+for choosing which methods to wrap.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>If you want <cite>patch.multiple</cite> to create mocks for you, then you can use
+<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> as the value. If you use <cite>patch.multiple</cite> as a decorator
+then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">other</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>patch.multiple</cite> can be nested with other <cite>patch</cite> decorators, but put arguments
+passed by keyword <em>after</em> any of the standard arguments created by <cite>patch</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.exit&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch.multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_exit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;exit&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_exit</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If <cite>patch.multiple</cite> is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
+context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">thing</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-methods-start-and-stop">
+<span id="start-and-stop"></span><h2>patch methods: start and stop<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-methods-start-and-stop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>All the patchers have <cite>start</cite> and <cite>stop</cite> methods. These make it simpler to do
+patching in <cite>setUp</cite> methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
+nesting decorators or with statements.</p>
+<p>To use them call <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> or <cite>patch.dict</cite> as normal and keep a
+reference to the returned <cite>patcher</cite> object. You can then call <cite>start</cite> to put
+the patch in place and <cite>stop</cite> to undo it.</p>
+<p>If you are using <cite>patch</cite> to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
+the call to <cite>patcher.start</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">module</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the <cite>setUp</cite>
+method of a <cite>TestCase</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.Class1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.Class2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition caution">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Caution</p>
+<p>If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is &#8220;undone&#8221; by
+calling <cite>stop</cite>. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> cleanup functions make this
+easier.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.Class&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="last">As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the <cite>patcher</cite>
+object.</p>
+</div>
+<p>It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using
+<cite>patch.stopall</cite>.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.stopall">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">stopall</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.stopall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with <cite>start</cite>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="test-prefix">
+<h2>TEST_PREFIX<a class="headerlink" href="#test-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
+they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
+start with <cite>test</cite> as being test methods. This is the same way that the
+<cite>unittest.TestLoader</cite> finds test methods by default.</p>
+<p>It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
+inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TEST_PREFIX</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;not three&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Thing</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Thing</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_one</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">not three</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Thing</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_two</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">not three</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="nesting-patch-decorators">
+<h2>Nesting Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
+decorators.</p>
+<p>You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;class_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock2</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
+standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
+passed into your test function matches this order.</p>
+<p>Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib&#8217;s nested
+function; <em>every</em> patching will appear in the tuple after &#8220;as&#8221;:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">nested</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">nested</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName1&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="where-to-patch">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Where to patch<a class="headerlink" href="#where-to-patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><cite>patch</cite> works by (temporarily) changing the object that a <em>name</em> points to with
+another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
+for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
+under test.</p>
+<p>The basic principle is that you patch where an object is <em>looked up</em>, which
+is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
+examples will help to clarify this.</p>
+<p>Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><pre>a.py
+ -&gt; Defines SomeClass
+
+b.py
+ -&gt; from a import SomeClass
+ -&gt; some_function instantiates SomeClass</pre>
+</div>
+<p>Now we want to test <cite>some_function</cite> but we want to mock out <cite>SomeClass</cite> using
+<cite>patch</cite>. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
+do then it imports <cite>SomeClass</cite> from module a. If we use <cite>patch</cite> to mock out
+<cite>a.SomeClass</cite> then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
+reference to the <em>real</em> <cite>SomeClass</cite> and it looks like our patching had no
+effect.</p>
+<p>The key is to patch out <cite>SomeClass</cite> where it is used (or where it is looked up
+). In this case <cite>some_function</cite> will actually look up <cite>SomeClass</cite> in module b,
+where we have imported it. The patching should look like:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>&#64;patch(&#8216;b.SomeClass&#8217;)</cite></div></blockquote>
+<p>However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of <cite>from a import
+SomeClass</cite> module b does <cite>import a</cite> and <cite>some_function</cite> uses <cite>a.SomeClass</cite>. Both
+of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
+being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch <cite>a.SomeClass</cite> instead:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>&#64;patch(&#8216;a.SomeClass&#8217;)</cite></div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">
+<h2>Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Since version 0.6.0 both <a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a> have been able to correctly
+patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties.
+You should patch these on the <em>class</em> rather than an instance.</p>
+<p>Since version 0.7.0 <a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a> work correctly with some objects
+that proxy attribute access, like the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198">django setttings object</a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In django <cite>import settings</cite> and <cite>from django.conf import settings</cite>
+return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you
+may have to patch both. Grrr...</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+ <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Patch Decorators</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+ <h4>Previous topic</h4>
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+ title="previous chapter">The Mock Class</a></p>
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+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/searchindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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+
+ <div class="section" id="sentinel">
+<h1>Sentinel<a class="headerlink" href="#sentinel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="mock.sentinel">
+<tt class="descname">sentinel</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.sentinel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt> object provides a convenient way of providing unique
+objects for your tests.</p>
+<p>Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
+the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
+returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="mock.DEFAULT">
+<tt class="descname">DEFAULT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.DEFAULT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The <cite>DEFAULT</cite> object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
+<cite>sentinel.DEFAULT</cite>). It can be used by <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>
+functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="section" id="sentinel-example">
+<h2>Sentinel Example<a class="headerlink" href="#sentinel-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
+argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
+sentinel objects to test this. <cite>sentinel</cite> provides a convenient way of
+creating and testing the identity of objects like this.</p>
+<p>In this example we monkey patch <cite>method</cite> to return
+<cite>sentinel.some_object</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span>
+<span class="go">sentinel.some_object</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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+ <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+ <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Sentinel</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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